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Dementia is often perceived as a condition that affects only the elderly. However, emerging research indicates that the processes leading to dementia can commence much earlier—sometimes as early as our 40s. Understanding this gradual decline is crucial for early intervention and prevention. What Is Dementia? Dementia is an umbrella term for a range of conditions characterised by cognitive decline severe enough to interfere with daily life. The most common form is Alzheimer’s disease, but other types include vascular dementia , Lewy body dementia , and frontotemporal dementia . Symptoms range from memory loss and confusion to changes in behaviour, personality, and the ability to carry out everyday tasks. Women are disproportionally affected by it more, both directly and indirectly. Women not only experience higher dementia-related disability and mortality but also provide 70% of caregiving hours for those affected. Why Do We Develop Dementia? While age is a significant risk factor, it's not the only cause. Genetics do play a role, particularly in early-onset cases, but lifestyle factors are increasingly recognised as critical contributors. Chronic conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, and even hearing loss can increase risk. Infections like herpes and syphilis have also been linked to higher dementia risk, particularly in older adults. What’s becoming clearer is that the lifestyle choices we make in our 30s, 40s, and 50s can lay the foundation for brain health—or decline—decades later. How Prevalent Is Dementia Today? Dementia is a growing public health issue. As of 2021, over 57 million people worldwide  were living with dementia . That number is expected to rise to 78 million by 2030  and 139 million by 2050 . There are over 10 million cases of dementia diagnosed each year worldwide . Between 2017 and 2023, a total of 4,042 new cases of dementia were diagnosed in Estonia. These numbers highlight the urgent need to shift our focus from late-stage treatment to early prevention . It Doesn't Start When You're Old Contrary to popular belief, dementia doesn't suddenly appear in old age. The changes in the brain that lead to cognitive decline can start decades before symptoms are noticeable. Many of the biological processes that contribute to dementia—such as inflammation , oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and poor blood flow—can begin in midlife, or even earlier. That’s why it’s so important to adopt brain-supporting habits in your 30s and 40s, not wait until retirement. A Slow and Steady Decline Dementia develops gradually. The earliest signs—such as occasional forgetfulness, mood changes, or difficulty concentrating—may be dismissed as normal aging or stress. But these small changes can be the first clues in a slow progression. Left unchecked, symptoms worsen over time, interfering with independence, communication, and quality of life. Recognising early warning signs and making lifestyle changes can significantly delay—or even prevent—severe cognitive decline. 🥦 Nutrition and Brain Health: What to Eat and What to Avoid One of the most powerful tools for supporting long-term brain health is nutrition . The food you eat doesn’t just fuel your body—it literally shapes your brain. ✅ Foods That Support Brain Health: 1. Leafy Greens  – Spinach, kale, arugula, and Swiss chard are rich in folate, vitamin K, and antioxidants. 2. Berries  – Especially blueberries and blackberries, which are packed with brain-protective flavonoids. 3. Fatty Fish  – Salmon, mackerel, and sardines are high in omega-3s (DHA), which are vital for brain structure and signalling. 4. Nuts and Seeds  – Walnuts, flaxseeds, chia seeds, and pumpkin seeds provide healthy fats, vitamin E, magnesium, and zinc. 5. Extra Virgin Olive Oil  – A staple of the Mediterranean diet, known for its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. 6. Cruciferous Vegetables  – Broccoli, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts support detoxification and reduce inflammation. 7. Whole Grains  – Brown rice, oats, and quinoa offer steady energy and B vitamins that support nerve health. 8. Fermented Foods  – Sauerkraut, kimchi, and water kefir promote gut health, which is closely linked to brain health through the gut-brain axis. 9. Dark Chocolate (in moderation)  – Rich in flavonoids that improve blood flow to the brain and enhance mood. 10. Herbs & Spices  – Turmeric (curcumin), rosemary, sage, and cinnamon all have anti-inflammatory or memory-enhancing benefits. 🚫 Foods and Habits to Reduce or Avoid: 1. Ultra-Processed Foods  – Instant meals, processed meats, and packaged snacks are often full of additives and trans fats that promote brain inflammation. 2. Refined Sugars & Sweetened Beverages  – These spike blood sugar and insulin levels, which are linked to cognitive decline. 3. Trans Fats  – Found in margarine, fried foods, and baked goods; associated with poor memory and increased dementia risk. 4. Artificial Sweeteners  – Especially aspartame, which may negatively impact mood and brain chemistry. 5. Excess Alcohol  – Long-term overconsumption can damage brain cells and reduce brain volume. 6. Very Low-Fat Diets  – The brain needs healthy fats to function well; avoid extreme fat restrictions. 🌟 Hope Through Prevention The good news? Up to 90% of Alzheimer’s cases may be preventable  with changes in lifestyle, according to neurologists Drs. Ayesha and Dean Sherzai . Their NEURO plan (Nutrition, Exercise, Unwind, Restore, Optimise) outlines practical, daily steps to support brain health and reduce dementia risk: Eat a brain-supportive diet Move your body regularly (30 minutes of low intensity every day and 150 minutes of high intensity every week) Manage stress and unwind Prioritise quality sleep Challenge your mind (learn a new language; take up a musical instrument; try calligraphy, knitting, painting; play brain games (Sudoku, chess, memory card games) and puzzles; read books; memorise poems or song lyrics); and stay socially connected 💬 Final Thoughts Understanding that dementia is not just a disease of old age—but a lifelong process—can shift how we approach brain health. By taking action earlier in life and focusing on nutrition, movement, and mindful living, we can protect our cognitive abilities and live with greater vitality for longer. 🧠 Your brain health journey begins now—not at 70. If you want to improve your diet, to better support your brain health, don't hesitate to reach out to me for personalised nutrition counselling at info@katrinpeo.com

Saturated fats have long been a topic of debate in nutrition, but research and dietary guidelines consistently emphasise the importance of moderating their intake. While our bodies do need fats for essential functions like hormone production and energy, excessive consumption of saturated fats in modern diets is linked to several health risks, including increased cholesterol levels, elevated blood pressure, and negative effects on gut health. What Are Saturated Fats and Why Should You Care? Saturated fats are a type of fat found mostly in animal products (like fatty cuts of meat, butter, and full-fat dairy) and some tropical oils (such as coconut and palm oil). These fats are solid at room temperature and are known to raise "bad" LDL cholesterol, increase blood pressure, and potentially disrupt the balance of bacteria in the gut. But not all saturated fats are created equal. Emerging research shows that their impact depends on the food source. For instance, saturated fat from whole foods like yoghurt or dark chocolate may have different effects on health than that from processed meats or fast food. How Much Saturated Fat Is Recommended? According to WHO and European Food Safety Authority guidelines, fat intake should be distributed as follows: Total fat:  20–35% of daily energy (in Estonia the dietary guidelines recommend 25%-40%, but 40% only if the saturated fats intake from it is below 10%) Saturated fat:  <10% Monounsaturated fat:  10–20% Polyunsaturated fat:  5–10% Trans fats:  <1% Curious about which fats support long-term health and what are monounsaturated fats, polyunsaturated fats and trans fats? Read my article: Best Healthy Fats for Your Body Hidden Saturated Fat in Modern Diets Many people unknowingly consume excessive saturated fat because it’s hidden in ultra-processed foods and ready-made meals sold in the grocery store. Common culprits include: Pastries and baked goods Processed meats Fast food Snacks made with palm oil, butterfat, or hydrogenated fats Reading food labels carefully is essential to identify saturated fat content per serving and to recognise ingredients that indicate saturated fat. How Excess Saturated Fat Affects Your Health? Raises LDL Cholesterol and Heart Disease Risk Saturated fats increase LDL cholesterol levels, which can lead to plaque buildup in arteries and raise the risk of heart disease and stroke. A comprehensive meta-analysis ( Mensink et al., 2003 ) of over 60 controlled trials found that replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats significantly reduced total-to-HDL cholesterol ratios, though effects on LDL alone varied depending on the specific fatty acid. More recent evidence suggests that not only the amount but also the food source of saturated fat matters. Saturated fats from processed meats and ultra-processed foods carry greater risk than those from whole foods ( ZOE, 2023 ). Learn more about the healthy levels and unhealthy levels of cholesterol from this article . May Contribute to Higher Blood Pressure Some studies suggest that high saturated fat intake may contribute to elevated blood pressure: In the North Karelia randomised control trial study (1979) , participants following a diet with reduced saturated fat and a higher polyunsaturated/saturated fat ratio experienced reductions in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. However, systematic reviews conclude that while saturated fat reduction may benefit lipid profiles, its direct effect on blood pressure is less clear and likely modest. Contributes To Weight Gain Saturated fat is calorie-dense (9 kcal/g). In energy-dense diets, it can: Contribute to caloric surplus  and weight gain Lead to increased visceral fat , which is associated with metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease Negatively Influences Gut Health There is growing evidence that high saturated fat intake can affect gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function: A 6-month RCT ( PubMed ID: 30782617 ) showed that higher-fat diets led to unfavourable changes in gut microbiota and increased inflammatory markers. A controlled feeding study ( PMC ID: PMC6299478 ) demonstrated that diets higher in saturated fats altered gut microbiota composition. Systematic reviews (e.g., PubMed ID: 30655101 ) support the conclusion that high saturated fat intake can reduce microbial diversity and promote inflammation. May Contribute To Acid Reflux High-fat meals, including those rich in saturated fats, can: Slow down gastric emptying Relax the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES), allowing stomach acid to back up into the oesophagus While saturated fats themselves aren't the sole cause of GERD, high-fat diets are known triggers . You can learn more about heartburn causes here . Not All Saturated Fats Are Equal While general guidelines recommend limiting saturated fat intake, recent research shows that the source of saturated fats plays a crucial role in their health effects. Saturated fats from whole dairy products such as yoghurt and cheese tend to have a different, often less harmful impact on heart health compared to saturated fats found in ultra-processed foods like processed meats, fast food, and packaged snacks. This difference may be due to the beneficial nutrients and compounds present in dairy, including probiotics and bioactive peptides, which can support metabolic and inflammatory health. ZOE, science and nutrition company, highlights that replacing saturated fats with refined carbohydrates , common in many processed foods, does not lower cardiovascular risk. Instead, replacing saturated fats—especially those from ultra-processed sources—with unsaturated fats from foods like nuts, seeds, olive oil, and fatty fish leads to better health outcomes. This evidence underscores the importance of considering the food source and overall dietary pattern rather than focusing solely on saturated fat content. For more detailed insights, see the ZOE article on How Many Grams of Fat per Day . Top 30 Foods Highest in Saturated Fat 🥩 Animal-Based Sources Fatty cuts of beef  (e.g., ribeye, T-bone) Pork belly Lamb (especially ground or shoulder cuts) Chicken skin Duck meat (especially with skin) Goose (with skin) Bacon Sausages  (especially traditional pork sausages) Salami Liver pâté  (especially with butter or cream) 🧀 Dairy-Based Sources Butter Heavy cream (whipping cream) Whole milk Full-fat yoghurt Cheddar cheese Brie Cream cheese Mascarpone Ice cream  (especially the ones made with cream) Condensed milk 🍳 Processed and Mixed Foods Fast food burgers Fried chicken French fries (fried in palm or animal fat) Pizza (especially with extra cheese and meat toppings) Meat pies and pastries Croissants and puff pastry Donuts Chocolate bars  (milk chocolate has more saturated fat than dark chocolate) Cakes and frostings  (made with butter or palm oil) Microwave popcorn  (especially with butter flavouring) Visualising 22 Grams of Saturated Fat For an average daily energy requirement of 2000 kcal, the recommended fat intake ranges between 55 g and 89 g per day  (based on 25–40% of recommended total energy from fat, with fat providing 9 kcal per gram). At 2500 kcal per day, the recommendation increases to 70–111 g of fat , And at 3000 kcal, it ranges from 85–133 g per day . Important:  Fat intake should only approach the higher end of this range (25%-40%) if saturated fats remain below 10% of total energy intake. This means: No more than 22 g of saturated fat  per day for a 2000 kcal diet, 28 g  for a 2500 kcal diet, and 33 g  for a 3000 kcal diet. To help visualise how quickly saturated fats can add up in a day, here are examples of foods that contain approximately 22g of saturated fats : How to Reduce Saturated Fat Intake ✅ Read food labels carefully to identify hidden saturated fats ✅ Limit ultra-processed and fast foods ✅ Cook fresh meals at home using whole ingredients ✅ Choose healthier fats like extra virgin olive oil , nuts, avocados, and fatty fish Conclusion Saturated fats are a natural part of the human diet and not inherently harmful when consumed in moderation and from quality sources. However, excessive intake — particularly from ultra-processed foods and processed meats — has been consistently linked with increased risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, and disruptions to gut health. Not all saturated fats have the same effect on the body. Emerging research highlights that saturated fats from whole foods like full-fat dairy or dark chocolate may not carry the same risks as those found in processed foods. Context matters: what you eat with saturated fats — and what you eat instead of them — plays a crucial role. Swapping saturated fats for unsaturated fats (like olive oil, nuts, and fatty fish), rather than refined carbohydrates, is associated with better long-term health outcomes. By being mindful of both quantity and quality, reading food labels, and focusing on whole, minimally processed foods, you can make informed choices that support your heart, gut, and overall health. Learn more about saturated fat and health: ZOE's guide on saturated fat . If you are looking to get professional guidance on how to improve your nutrition to support better health, don't hesitate to reach out to me for personalised nutrition counselling at info@katrinpeo.com .

If you’re looking for an easy, nutrient-dense breakfast or a satisfying snack between meals, this kefir glass is a fantastic choice. It’s rich in fibre , healthy fats , protein , probiotics , and antioxidants—without requiring any cooking. You can also tailor it to your needs and preferences, whether you’re after something light or more filling. It's a drink I have almost on a daily basis to support gut health and provide my body additional fibre and healthy fats. What’s in the Glass? This beautiful blend contains: Kefir  – a fermented dairy drink packed with probiotics, protein, calcium, B vitamins, and vitamin K2. I rotate between two different unflavoured kefirs: Hellus containing specific gut-supporting lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus fermentum ME-3, developed by scientists in Estonia and Gefilus , containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG lactic acid bacteria. You can also make your own kefir at home. Chia seeds, flaxseeds (linseeds), psyllium husk  – great sources of fibre and plant-based omega-3s (ALA). They support digestion, balance blood sugar, and promote satiety. Sesame, sunflower, pumpkin seeds, pine nuts  – rich in zinc, magnesium, selenium, vitamin E, and healthy fats. Goji berries  – antioxidant-rich and a good source of vitamin C and beta-carotene. Cacao nibs  – offer a natural chocolate crunch while providing magnesium and polyphenols. You can top it off with fresh or frozen berries  for natural sweetness and an extra antioxidant boost. Why It’s a Great Option For those who struggle with heavy breakfasts , this is a gentle, lighter option that still keeps you full. You can add a scoop of protein powder (whey or any plant based protein- always check for the ingredients to avoid sweeteners and emulsifiers) to make it more balanced and sustaining. You can also add collagen to support gut, skin, hair, nails, joints, muscles and bones. If you didn't know, collages is the most abundant protein in our bodies. You can read more about different types of collagen our body needs and their sources from this article . Works perfectly as a mid-morning or mid-afternoon snack , especially when you need energy without a crash. It’s rich in healthy fats , supporting hormone health, brain function, and nutrient absorption. What to Keep in Mind While this is packed with nutrients, here are a few considerations: Many seeds contain phytic acid , which may slightly reduce the absorption of minerals like iron, calcium, and zinc. You can rotate seed types or soak them to reduce this effect. I typically soak the seeds in the kefir half an hour or so before drinking, but you can also soak the seeds in the glass of kefir in the fridge overnight to improve digestibility. It’s high in fibre , so make sure to drink enough water throughout the day to support digestion. If your diet has been fibre-poor, add only one type of seed at a time and slowly introduce other seeds It’s also energy-dense , so portion size matters. I typically use 200-250ml of kefir. Final Thoughts This kefir drink/pudding creation is an easy way to boost your nutrient intake and support gut health—whether as breakfast or a smart snack. It’s proof that healthy eating doesn’t have to be complicated. If you are struggling with weight issues, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, digestive issues, don't hesitate to reach out to me for personal nutrition counselling session(s) at info@katrinpeo.com .

Your gut health is deeply connected to your overall well-being. From digestion and energy levels to immunity, mood, weight, skin health and also brain health, your gut microbiome plays a central role. The good news? There are many simple and effective habits you can adopt each day to support a thriving gut microbiome. Here’s how you can support your gut health on a daily basis: 1. Eat a Variety of Plant-Based Foods One of the most impactful steps you can take is increasing the diversity of plants in your diet on a weekly basis. Research shows that people who eat at least 30 different plant foods per week have a more diverse and resilient gut microbiome. Plant foods include not just fruits, berries and vegetables , but also: Whole grains (quinoa, buckwheat, wholegrain rice, wholegrain rye bread etc.) Legumes (beans, lentils, peas) Nuts and seeds Herbs and spices Each plant brings a different set of fibres and polyphenols that feed specific gut microbes. More variety = more microbial diversity in your gut = better health. 2. Include Prebiotics and Polyphenol-Rich Foods Prebiotics are special plant fibres that feed your good bacteria. Great prebiotic-rich foods include: Garlic Onions Leeks Asparagus Bananas (greener are better as they have more resistance starch) Oats You can learn more about prebiotics health benefits and prebiotic foods here. Polyphenols are antioxidants found in colourful plant foods like berries, dark chocolate, olives, and green tea. These also nourish beneficial gut bacteria. 3. Add Fermented Foods for Natural Probiotics Fermented foods introduce live beneficial bacteria and help support microbial balance. Try adding 2-3 portions of the fermented foods and drinks to your daily meals: Kefir Natural unflavoured yoghurt Sauerkraut Kimchi Miso Tempeh etc Learn about other fermented foods and drinks in this article . A small daily portion can make a big difference over time. 4. Limit Ultra-Processed Foods Ultra-processed foods often contain additives, sugars, unhealthy fats, and low-quality ingredients that negatively affect the gut. These foods may: Disrupt the balance of gut bacteria Increase gut inflammation Reduce microbial diversity Focus on whole, minimally processed foods whenever possible. Learn more about ultra-processed foods and how to recognise them in the grocery store from this article. 5. Watch Out for Artificial Sweeteners and Emulsifiers Artificial sweeteners  (like aspartame, acesulfame K, sucralose, and saccharin) can alter gut bacteria in ways that may impair glucose tolerance and increase cravings. Emulsifiers (like carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), polysorbate‑80, carrageenan, maltodextrin, xanthan gum, guar gum, gum arabic, DATEM (ester of mono‑/diglycerides), propylene glycol alginate, HPMC, sorbitan monostearate, glyceryl oleate/stearate etc. ) often found in packaged foods (like plant milks, sauces, mayonnaise, ice cream, nut butters, baked goods, margarine, salad dressings etc), can interfere with the mucus layer of the gut lining, reduce microbial diversity and promote inflammation. Minimising these additives helps maintain a healthier gut environment. 6. Limit Alcohol Consumption Regular alcohol consumption can damage the gut lining and shift the microbiome toward more harmful bacterial strains. There is no safe or healthy level of alcohol for the body nor to the gut. Learn more about alcohol consumption, how it affects health, what does it mean maximum 2 units of alcohol for men and 1 unit of alcohol for women, if chosen to consume. 7. Be Mindful with Medications Certain medications can significantly impact your gut health, for example: Antibiotics  can wipe out both harmful and beneficial bacteria, leading to imbalances or overgrowth of less desirable microbes. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) , often used for acid reflux, may reduce microbial diversity and promote bacterial overgrowth in the upper gut. NSAIDs  (like ibuprofen) can irritate the gut lining and increase intestinal permeability. It’s important to use these medications only when necessary, as rarely as needed and under medical guidance. If you must take them, supporting your gut with fermented foods and drinks (where necessary also probiotic supplements) and fibre-rich foods can help restore balance in the gut. 8. Focus on Lifestyle Habits That Support Gut Health Sleep :  Aim for 7–9 hours per night. Poor sleep is linked to dysbiosis (gut imbalance). Stress management :  Chronic stress disrupts gut bacteria and can increase gut permeability. Exercise:  Regular movement boosts microbial diversity and supports digestion. Meal timing and intermittent fasting:  Allowing time between meals and avoiding constant snacking gives your gut time to rest and repair. Overnight fasting (12–16 hours) can support microbial balance, reduce gut inflammation, and help regulate your circadian rhythms. Intermittent fasting may also promote the growth of beneficial bacteria and enhance the diversity of your gut microbiome. Time in nature:  Exposure to natural environments and soil microbes can also support your microbiome. Start Small and Build a Gut-Friendly Routine. You don’t need to overhaul your diet overnight. Start by: Adding one new plant food per week Replacing one processed snack with a fibre-rich whole food Including fermented foods to your diet a few times a week These small steps add up and can have a long-term impact on your gut and overall health. Summary Supporting your gut health daily is a combination of what you eat, how you live, and the habits you choose. By focusing on variety, fibre, fermented foods, and reducing processed ingredients and stress, you create an environment where beneficial microbes can thrive. Your gut will thank you—with better digestion, immunity, energy, and even mood. Inspired by insights from ZOE’s research , gastroenterologist Dr. Will Bulsiewicz and the ZOE Science & Nutrition podcast . If the above feels overwhelming and you need a professional to review your diet and guide you towards better nutrition step-by-step, don't hesitate to reach out to me for nutrition counselling at info@katrinpeo.com .

When we talk about nutrition, the focus often falls on macronutrients: protein , fat , and carbohydrates (including fibre ). While these are undeniably important, the smaller players in your diet — micronutrients — deserve just as much attention. These essential vitamins and minerals, though needed in tiny amounts (milligrams and micrograms), are foundational for every system in your body to function optimally. In this article, we’ll explore how micronutrients support different body systems and organs. If you want to dive deeper into symptoms of deficiencies or find a comprehensive breakdown of vitamins and minerals, check out my article Your Body’s Signs of Nutritional Deficiencies  and download my free vitamin and mineral guides  with food sources, vitamin and mineral roles in the body, and recommended intake levels. Why Micronutrients Matter? Micronutrient deficiencies can go unnoticed until symptoms become persistent: fatigue, poor sleep, brittle nails, low mood, brain fog, or frequent infections. These symptoms often stem from modern diets that prioritise convenience over variety, as well as from depleted soils and consuming too many ultra-processed foods . A wholesome, varied diet rich in natural foods remains the best way to meet your nutrient needs. What Your Body Systems Need Here’s a breakdown of key micronutrients that support the proper functioning of your major body systems and organs: 1. Digestive System Key micronutrients needed:  B vitamins, magnesium, zinc, vitamin A, selenium Roles:  Enzyme production, gut lining integrity, digestive motility, supporting the microbiome Example sources:  Leafy greens, seeds, carrots, liver, whole grains, nuts 2. Cardiovascular System (including the Heart) Key micronutrients needed:  Magnesium, potassium, CoQ10, vitamin D, vitamin K2, B6, B9 (folate), B12 Roles:  Heart rhythm, blood pressure regulation, vascular health, clotting Example sources:  Avocados, leafy greens, fatty fish, organ meats, legumes 3. Respiratory System (Lungs) Key micronutrients needed:  Vitamin C, A, D, magnesium, zinc, selenium, omega-3 fatty acids Roles:  Antioxidant protection of lung tissue, immune response in airways, reducing inflammation, supporting mucosal lining Sources:  Citrus fruits, carrots, fatty fish, Brazil nuts, seeds, green vegetables 4. Energy System (Mitochondrial Health) Key micronutrients needed:  B vitamins, iron, magnesium, copper, CoQ10 Roles:  Cellular energy production (ATP), oxygen transport Example sources:  Eggs, red meat, whole grains, nuts, legumes, seafood 5. Detoxification System Key micronutrients needed:  Sulphur, selenium, zinc, molybdenum, B vitamins Roles:  Liver detox pathways (phase I and II), antioxidant regeneration Example sources:  Garlic, onions, broccoli, Brazil nuts, legumes, eggs 6. Hormonal System (Communication) Key micronutrients needed:  Iodine, selenium, zinc, vitamin D, B5, B6 Roles:  Thyroid hormone production, adrenal support, sex hormone balance Example sources:  Seafood, seaweed, Brazil nuts, poultry, eggs, sunflower seeds Learn more how you can balance your hormones naturally, here. 7. Structural System (Muscular & Skeletal) Key micronutrients needed:  Calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, vitamin K2, phosphorus, silica Roles:  Bone density, muscle contraction, connective tissue support Example sources:  Dairy, leafy greens, seeds, whole grains, bone broth 8. Immune System Key micronutrients needed:  Vitamin D, C, zinc, selenium, iron Roles:  Antibody production, infection defense, inflammation regulation Example sources:  Citrus fruits, red meat, pumpkin seeds, mushrooms, berries 9. Brain and Nervous System Key micronutrients needed:  B vitamins, omega-3 (DHA), magnesium, vitamin D, zinc, choline Roles:  Neurotransmitter production, myelin sheath integrity, cognitive function Examples sources:  Fatty fish, eggs, nuts, leafy greens, dark chocolate 10. Skin Key micronutrients needed:  Vitamins A, C, E, zinc, selenium, biotin Roles:  Collagen synthesis, antioxidant protection, cell renewal Example sources:  Carrots, sweet potatoes, almonds, citrus fruits, different seeds 11. Liver Key micronutrients needed:  Choline, B vitamins, iron, selenium, zinc Roles:  Metabolism, fat transport, bile production, detoxification Example sources:  Eggs, liver, cruciferous vegetables, legumes, seafood You can learn more about the functions of the liver and how to support it here . What About Polyphenols and Antioxidants? Although not classified as essential micronutrients, polyphenols and antioxidants offer a powerful layer of protection in the body. Polyphenols  (like flavonoids, anthocyanins, and tannins) have anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and disease-preventive properties. Antioxidants  (like vitamins C, E, selenium, and plant compounds) help neutralise oxidative stress and protect cellular health. To learn more, visit my article: Polyphenols: What Are They and Their Health Benefits Top sources:  Berries, green tea, extra virgin olive oil, dark chocolate , herbs, red grapes, apples How to Ensure Adequate Micronutrient Intake Eat a diverse, colourful diet  that includes fruits (including berries), vegetables, nuts, seeds, legumes, whole grains and quality animal products (dairy ( specifically fermented ), meat, fish and other seafood) Choose seasonal and local produce  when possible Be mindful of long-term restrictive diets or popular mainstream diets that could lead to nutritional deficiencies Consider testing or professional guidance if you suspect low levels Supplement only when necessary  and with professional advice. D-vitamin is what many people lack due to limited exposure to sun . In Summary Each system in your body relies on a unique combination of vitamins and minerals to thrive. While macronutrients provide fuel, micronutrients fine-tune and sustain your health behind the scenes. Understanding what your body needs is the first step to supporting it wisely. 📍 Download my Vitamin and Mineral Guides  for deeper insights. And if you're ready to take your health into your own hands with professional support, I’m here to help guide the way. Contact me at info@katrinpeo.com and learn how I can help you. References: Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health – Micronutrients NIH Office of Dietary Supplements

At the beginning of this year, I completed a micronutrients and vitamins/minerals course  led by a biologist and nutritional therapist . Over five weeks, we explored the science behind vitamins, minerals, and omega-3 fats — and how supplementation can support different stages of life, when needed . One message came through clearly: Supplements are meant to supplement, not replace, a healthy balanced diet. In this article, I want to help you make better informed, balanced decisions  about supplements — when they can be helpful, how to identify quality, and how to avoid the risks of overuse or misinformation. 🥦 Start With Food, Not Pills A varied, nutrient-rich diet  is the foundation of good health. Whole foods contain not just isolated vitamins and minerals but also: Phytonutrients and antioxidants Fibre and enzymes Nutrient synergies that pills can never replicate For example, the vitamin C in a red pepper is accompanied by flavonoids that enhance its absorption. The iron in lentils comes with fibre and plant polyphenols that also support gut health. 👉 If you’d like to learn more about how to get essential vitamins and minerals from food sources, you can download my free PDFs here . An excerpt from the Estonian 2025 food pyramid, where I have illustrated where supplements could be placed if they are physiologically necessary. But modern life — with stress, consuming too many processed foods , drinking excessive alcohol , digestive issues, certain medications, and age-related changes  — can sometimes lead to nutrient shortfalls , even with a decent diet. That’s where targeted supplementation  could become useful — and necessary in some cases. ⚠️ The Supplement Industry Is Not Well-Regulated Most people assume their supplements are safe and effective. Unfortunately, the reality is more complicated. In many countries — including the United States  and those in the European Union  — dietary supplements are not subject to the same rigorous regulations as pharmaceutical drugs . Unlike prescription medications, supplements: ❌ Do not require pre-market approval  for safety, effectiveness, or quality ❌ Are not required to prove their health claims , unless they're classified as novel foods or make disease treatment claims ❌ Often lack standardised dosing  across brands ❌ Can be brought to market without clinical trials In the United States , supplements are regulated under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA)  of 1994. This law classifies supplements as a category of food , not medicine. As a result, manufacturers do not need to demonstrate safety or efficacy to the FDA  before selling a product. The FDA can only act after a product is on the market , and only if it’s shown to be harmful or misleading. In the European Union , there is more oversight on nutrient levels and labelling, but enforcement varies between member states . For example: Ingredients must be on the EU’s approved list (unless applying for novel food status), Maximum permitted levels for vitamins and minerals are not harmonised across the EU , meaning dosages differ widely by country, Herbal supplements are even less standardised , and many are sold as food supplements  without therapeutic evidence or quality control. This lack of consistent regulation has real consequences. A 2015 study in JAMA  found that over 2/3 of supplements previously recalled by the FDA still contained banned or dangerous substances , such as anabolic steroids, unapproved stimulants, or sibutramine (a weight-loss drug withdrawn from the market for safety concerns). In short: regulatory bodies don't verify the quality or contents of supplements before they're sold . It's up us as the consumers to check for third-party testing, read ingredient labels carefully, and avoid misleading health claims. You must be your own advocate  when it comes to supplements — because no one else is checking before they reach the shelf. ✅ How to Choose a Supplement Look for products that are third-party tested (typically also stated on the company's website)  to ensure they contain what the label claims — and nothing harmful. Check for any of these certifications, verifications on the product labels: GMP certified (ensures supplements are produced in facilities that meet strict safety, hygiene and quality standards) USP Verified NSF Certified for Sport - helps athletes, coaches, dieticians, consumers make safer decisions when choosing supplements HACCP certified Informed-Sport / Informed-Choice Read Labdoor  or ConsumerLab.com  evaluations. Also: Choose brands that clearly state dosages and forms  (e.g., methyl folate vs folic acid) Avoid proprietary blends that don’t disclose individual amounts Be wary of high doses  unless specifically prescribed by your doctor ✅ Toxicity: Yes, You Can Overdo It Especially with fat-soluble vitamins  (A, D, E, K) and certain minerals (like selenium or iron), it’s possible to exceed safe upper intake levels  without realising it — especially if you take multiple supplements, protein powders, or fortified foods during the day and for periods of time. I’ve created downloadable resources showing upper safe limits (ULs)  for vitamins and minerals (for some of them they are not known, which makes the risk of overdosing more risky): 👉 Download them for vitamins here and for minerals here . (Information in the downloadables is retrieved from the Health Development Institute in Estonia and Agriculture and Food Board). Always consult with your doctor, before starting to take supplements, especially if you are on prescribed medications. 🧪 Personalised Testing: A Smarter Way to Supplement Rather than guessing what your body needs, consult your doctor and consider micronutrient testing — especially for nutrients like: Vitamin D Ferritin (iron storage) B12 Magnesium Omega-3 index Your family doctor might not be able to order you the blood tests depending on the country. But in Estonia, for example, Synlab  offers individual and bundled blood tests to assess nutritional status and you can order the tests yourself. This is a great first step before starting or adjusting a supplement regimen. Laboratory doctor or your family doctor can help to explain you your test results. 🧬 What Supplements Might Be Needed — and When? Your supplement needs shift with age, life stage, health conditions, diet and also where you live. Here’s a simplified guide (considering you are consuming first and foremost a healthy balanced diet): Life Stage Commonly Helpful Supplements if Needed Children & Teens, Adults (20-30) Vitamin D, Omega-3s, iron (girls when starting menstruating and if needed) Women of Reproductive Age Vitamin D, iron, magnesium, iodine (esp. pre-pregnancy), selenium, Omega-3s Pregnancy & Breastfeeding Prenatal, which usually contains all necessary vitamins and minerals needed, such as folate, B12, iodine, selenium, Omega-3s, vitamin D Adults (30–60) Vitamin D, selenium (soils are deficient in many countries), Omega-3s, magnesium, CoQ10 (if on statins) Older Adults (60+) Vitamin D + K2, B12, Omega-3s, CoQ10, selenium Note: Always talk to a healthcare provider before starting new supplements, especially if you take medications or have chronic conditions. Magnesium supplementation could be beneficial for diabetics, alcoholics, people with high stress, people with sleep challenges, women in perimenopause and menopause. Learn more about the magnesium here. Selenium may be necessary as a supplement for those who eat little fish, eggs, Brazil nuts, offal, dairy. 75-90 mcg is the recommended daily amount. Omega-3 fatty acids (DHA and EPA) is recommended to be taken as a supplement if fatty fish—such as salmon, herring, mackerel, sardines, and anchovies—are consumed less than 2–3 times per week. Trout and tuna are also good sources of omega-3s, although they generally contain lower amounts compared to the fish listed above. Plant-based foods like chia seeds, walnuts, hemp seeds, flaxseeds, and rapeseed (canola) oil provide ALA (alpha-linolenic acid), the plant form of omega-3. ALA is essential for health in its own right and contributes to heart and metabolic health. However, the body must convert ALA into EPA and DHA to meet all omega-3 needs, and this conversion is limited: only about 5–10% of ALA is converted to EPA, and just 0.5–1% to DHA. Therefore, for vegans and vegetarians, it’s especially important to supplement with omega-3—preferably from algae-based sources that directly provide DHA and EPA. C-vitamin and zinc  could be beneficial for a short period of time, when there are viruses spreading around you and to support immune function and can be beneficial to athletes to lower the chances of getting cold and viruses. But important with C-vitamin is that our bodies can absorb only around 200mg at a time, so taking high doses of C-vitamin supplement could tax the kidneys and cause diarrhoea. 🌞 Vitamin D: The Most Common Deficiency Vitamin D deserves special mention — especially for people living in northern climates like Estonia. It plays a role in: Bone health Immune regulation Mood balance Chronic disease prevention A vitamin D blood test will show your current status. While 1000–2000 IU/day  is safe for most to supplement, some people may need more during a short period of time to correct their severe deficiency. Talk to your doctor or laboratory doctor after the blood test to understand whether and how much should you supplement. Final Thoughts: Be an Informed Supplement Taker Supplements aren’t inherently good or bad — they’re just tools to supplement a healthy diet. But like any tool, you need to use them correctly, safely, and intentionally . Before you supplement, ask: Am I getting enough of this nutrient from food? Do I actually need this based on my age, health, or lab tests? Is the product from a trusted, certified  source? Am I staying within safe intake limits ? Supplements are helpful only when they’re the right kind, in the right dose, for the right person. Start with food first . Supplement when needed. And always stay curious, cautious, and informed. If you want to understand whether your diet is balanced, if you are looking to improve your nutrition, don't hesitate to reach out to me for personal nutrition counselling at info@katrinpeo.com .

There’s something deeply comforting about baking your own bread. The smell that fills the kitchen, the satisfaction of slicing into a fresh loaf, and the knowledge that you’ve created something wholesome with your own hands—it all makes the effort worthwhile. This seed bread is one of my recent discoveries because it brings together the best of both worlds: it’s nourishing and full of flavour, yet incredibly simple to prepare. It’s also naturally gluten-free (if you need to be on gluten-free diet because of health), high in fibre , packed with healthy fats, and very filling. Unlike several store-bought loaves, which are often loaded with refined flours and unnecessary additives, this bread is made from seeds, oats, and a few other healthy ingredients. Why This Seed Bread Is Good for You This seed bread is more than just a tasty alternative—it’s a nutritional powerhouse. Each seed adds its own set of benefits: Sunflower seeds  provide vitamin E, magnesium, and healthy fats that support heart and skin health. Pumpkin seeds  are rich in zinc and iron, essential for immunity and energy. Flaxseeds  are one of the best plant-based sources of omega-3 fatty acids , which are anti-inflammatory and important for brain health. Chia seeds  offer fibre, protein, and minerals like calcium and phosphorus, which are vital for bone strength. Sesame seeds  contribute calcium and antioxidants. Carrots  add natural sweetness, moisture, and a beautiful texture, while boosting the bread with beta-carotene and antioxidants. Carrots also enrich the bread with extra fibre, which is a big win for digestion. Curcumin (Turmeric)  – Known for its bright golden colour, curcumin is a powerful anti-inflammatory compound. A small amount in this bread adds subtle earthiness while supporting your body’s defense against oxidative stress. The addition of rolled oats makes the bread more filling and helps stabilise blood sugar , while psyllium husk binds everything together naturally and adds a prebiotic fibre that supports gut health. This combination of seeds, oats, and fibre makes this bread not only satisfying but also beneficial for digestion, energy, and overall wellbeing. Each slice has around 8g of protein and 8g of fibre. How to Enjoy This Seed Bread One of the best things about this bread is its versatility. It has a nutty, slightly earthy taste and a dense, chewy texture, which makes it a wonderful base for both sweet and savoury toppings. Here are a few ways to enjoy it: With avocado and tomato  for a nourishing breakfast. Topped with hummus and cucumber  for a light lunch. Spread with nut butter and berries  for a healthy snack. Alongside a soup or salad  to add extra fibre and satiety. Seed Bread Makes 15 slices Ingredients 50 g sunflower seeds (in Estonia you can purchase also a seed mix at the grocery store, where you have the pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds and pine nuts in one package) 50 g pumpkin seeds 120 g flaxseeds 40 g chia seeds 50 g pine nuts 50g white sesame seeds 150 g rolled oats 50g almond flour 200g carrots (peeled and grated) 30 g psyllium husk powder 1 tsp sea salt 2 tbsp extra-virgin olive oil 2 tsps of curcumin 1g of black pepper 350 ml water 5g black sesame seeds for sprinkling Method Combine all the dry ingredients in a mixing bowl, add grated carrots and olive oil. Mix in the water. Transfer the mixture into a lined loaf tin and smooth the top with a spatula. Sprinkle with black sesame seeds. Let the mixture rest for 60 minutes. This allows the seeds and psyllium to absorb the liquid and bind together. Preheat the oven to 185°C (365°F). Bake for 1 hour. Allow to cool completely before slicing. The bread keeps well for several days in the fridge, and it also freezes beautifully. I slice the full loaf and freeze the pieces separately in baking sheets so I can easily take out one slide, defrost a little bit and toast it. Making seed bread is a small act of self-care. It’s about choosing wholesome ingredients, slowing down, and enjoying real food. Whether you’re looking for a gluten-free alternative, wanting to boost your fibre and protein intake, or simply curious to try something new, this bread is worth baking. Once you’ve made it, you’ll see how easy it is—and you may have found a good alternative to the store-bought loaves. Check out my other bread recipes in my blog .

When cold and flu season hits, there’s nothing more comforting than a bowl of nourishing chicken soup. This immune-boosting Golden Chicken Soup  is packed with anti-inflammatory ingredients like turmeric, garlic, and ginger , plus Mediterranean herbs such as thyme, oregano, and rosemary —all known for their antimicrobial and immune-supporting benefits. Whether you need a soothing soup for a sore throat, when you are battling with a virus, a warming dish after a long day, or a wholesome recipe that supports gut health and immunity , this golden chicken soup will quickly become a household favourite. Why is this Golden Chicken Soup Good for You? Turmeric & Ginger  – Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant-rich, great for digestion and recovery. Garlic & Onion  – Natural immune-boosters that fight off seasonal bugs. Herbs (thyme, oregano, rosemary)  – Contain natural antibacterial and antiviral compounds. Chicken broth  – A mineral-rich base that hydrates and nourishes. Vegetables  – Carrots, potatoes, and celery add fibre, vitamins, and natural sweetness. Kimchi (optional)  – For extra gut support, add a spoonful before serving. In Estonia, our family loves Kadarbiku kimchi , proven by TFTAK to positively support gut health. Golden Chicken Soup Recipe Serves:  4–6 Prep time:  15 minutes Cook time:  30 minutes Ingredients: 2 tbsp olive oil or avocado oil 1 medium onion, chopped 4 cloves garlic, minced 1 tbsp fresh ginger, grated (or 1 tsp ground ginger) 1 tsp ground turmeric (or 1-inch fresh turmeric root, grated) ½ tsp dried thyme 1 tsp dried oregano ½ tsp dried rosemary 2 medium carrots, diced 2 medium potatoes, diced 2 celery stalks, sliced (optional). Omit if you don't like celery 2 bay leaves 6 cups chicken broth (homemade ( you can find the recipe here ) or high-quality store-bought, e.g., Food Studio chicken broth in Estonia ) 2 chicken breasts or 4 chicken thighs (boneless/skinless recommended) Variation:  Roast chicken wings with curry, coriander, sea salt, and olive oil. Remove the skin and bones, then add the meat to the soup. Salt and black pepper, to taste Juice of ½ lemon (optional, for brightness) 1 tbsp kimchi (optional, for gut health) Fresh parsley, cilantro, or spring onion, chopped (for garnish) Instructions: Heat oil in a large pot over medium heat. Add onion and sauté for 3–4 minutes until softened. Stir in garlic, ginger, turmeric, thyme, oregano, and rosemary. Cook for 1 minute until fragrant. Add carrots, potatoes, and celery (if using). Stir well. Pour in chicken broth and add bay leaves. Bring to a gentle boil. Add chicken breasts/thighs whole. Lower heat, cover, and simmer for 25–30 minutes, until chicken is cooked through and vegetables are tender. Remove chicken, shred with two forks, and return to the pot. Season with salt, pepper, and lemon juice. Serve hot, garnished with kimchi, parsley, cilantro, or spring onion. I love to eat a good wholegrain rye bread with mashed avocado with the soup. Healing Tips When You’re Sick Add a pinch of cayenne pepper to the soup  to help clear sinuses. Puree part of the soup for a smooth texture  if your throat is sore. Stir in cooked lentils  for extra protein and a more filling meal. Final Thoughts This Golden Chicken Soup  is more than just comfort food—it’s a healing, immune-boosting remedy  that can support your health during flu season, aid recovery, and keep your gut happy. The addition of thyme, oregano, and rosemary  makes this recipe even more powerful against seasonal bugs, while still being light, cozy, and family-friendly. So next time you feel under the weather—or just crave a cozy, nourishing meal—try making this turmeric chicken soup. Your body (and your taste buds) will thank you. You can find more soup recipes in my blog . If you want to learn how you can support your immune health during the cold and flue season, read my articles on immune supporting foods and how to strengthen your immune system . Don't hesitate to reach out to me at info@katrinpeo.com for nutritional counselling if you want to become a healthier version of yourself and change your nutrition for the better.

Movement as a Pillar of Health As a nutrition counsellor and health coach, I talk about exercise and movement with every client . It’s one of the four pillars of health—alongside nutrition, sleep, and stress management—that support long-term wellbeing. While you can’t exercise your way out of a bad diet , you also can’t eat your way to health without movement. Both need to work together ( see my article on the four pillars of health ). In this article, I’ll explore: Why exercise is essential for every age group . The role of strength training in brain health . How movement supports women during perimenopause and menopause . Why exercise is a powerful tool in managing insulin resistance . The Estonian physical activity recommendations 2025 . Exercise and Brain Health Research by neurophysiologist and sports scientist Dr. Louisa Nicola  shows that strength training directly benefits the brain . Regular resistance exercise increases blood flow to the brain, promotes the growth of new neurons, and helps protect against cognitive decline. Several studies on PubMed  confirm that both aerobic and resistance training improve memory, processing speed, and executive function—especially in older adults . Physical activity also reduces the risk of dementia and supports mental health by lowering stress and anxiety. Movement and Women’s Health: Perimenopause and Menopause Hormonal changes during perimenopause and menopause can bring challenges such as weight gain, sleep disruption, mood swings, and increased risk of osteoporosis. Neuroscientist Dr. Lisa Mosconi  highlights how lifestyle, including exercise, plays a major role in protecting the brain and reducing these symptoms. A lower risk of dementia in physically fit women in midlife Exercise stimulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) , which is vital for creating new brain cells and supporting memory.  Regular physical activity can trigger positive hormonal changes Exercise helps reduce stress and improve overall mood, contributing to greater well-being.  Strength training  is particularly important for women at this stage: Helps maintain bone density  and prevents osteoporosis. Improves muscle mass and metabolism , supporting healthy weight. Balances mood and energy levels . Supports cognitive health  and reduces brain fog. Learn more about the training in perimenopause and menopause here. Exercise and Insulin Resistance Insulin resistance is one of the most common health challenges today ( around 26% of world population has insulin resistance ). The good news? Movement is medicine . As nutritionist Simon Hill  often emphasises, regular exercise makes the body more sensitive to insulin, helping glucose enter the cells instead of staying in the bloodstream. Studies show that: Aerobic exercise  improves insulin sensitivity. Strength training  builds muscle, which increases glucose uptake. Even short bouts of activity (like walking after meals) lower blood sugar spikes. For those wanting to reverse insulin resistance, combining a balanced diet  with daily movement  is the a very effective strategy. How Much Exercise Do You Need? (Estonian Public Guidelines 2025) The 2025 Estonian Nutrition, Movement and Sleep Guidelines  provide clear recommendations: Children and Teens (0–18) Infants: at least 30 minutes of movement daily . Baby yoga is a good option to increase the movement, which I did with both of my children when they were babies. Toddlers (1–2): 180 minutes  of varied activity per day, with at least 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous intensity. School-age children (3–7): 180 minutes daily , including strength-building play for muscles and bones from age 5. Youth (7–18): At least 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous activity daily  + strength training for muscles and bones 3x/week. Adults (19+) Aim for 150–300 minutes of moderate intensity  or 75–150 minutes of vigorous intensity  exercise per week. Include strength training at least twice weekly . Add balance and flexibility exercises  3x/week. Pregnant and Postpartum Women At least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity activity per week . Combine aerobic exercise, strength training, and gentle stretching . Key Takeaways Exercise benefits the brain , not just the body. Strength training is critical  for women in perimenopause and menopause. Movement improves insulin sensitivity , helping reverse insulin resistance. Every age group has specific activity needs —and small steps make a big difference. As I tell my clients: movement is non-negotiable for health . Whether it’s a walk after dinner, lifting weights, dancing, or yoga—what matters is building a routine that you can stick with. So, what kind of movement brings you joy? That’s the best place to start. Additional Links WHO: Physical activity fact sheet . Want to improve your nutrition and overall health? I offer personalised health and nutrition counselling to help you build lasting habits that work for your lifestyle. 👉 Get in touch with me today at info@katrinpeo.com to start your journey toward better health.

Looking for a healthy, crunchy, and protein-packed breakfast idea? This homemade granola is simple to make, naturally sweetened, and far more nutritious than most store-bought cereals. Loaded with fibre, healthy fats, and protein, it delivers 20–30 g of protein and around 10 g of fibre per serving when paired with Greek yoghurt, kefir, berries, or curd cheese. The recipe I made recently turned out with an extra lovely crunch—perfect for a quick, balanced breakfast that keeps you satisfied for hours. Why I love this breakfast: Protein boost : By combining this granola with plain Greek yoghurt, kefir, or lower-fat curd cheese (around 17 g of protein per 100 g), you’ll easily reach 20–30 g of protein per meal. Fibre for gut health : This recipe delivers around 10 g of fibre per serving thanks to oats, oat bran, seeds, and nuts. Seasonal flexibility : Frozen berries are a fantastic topping out of season. They’re flash-frozen at peak ripeness, which helps lock in vitamins and antioxidants. Meal prep friendly : This batch makes about 30 servings, lasting two people around a month when you alternate with other breakfast options, such as eggs. Crunchy Homemade Granola: A High-Fibre, High-Protein Breakfast Idea Ingredients (Makes ~30 servings) 2 cups rolled oats 1.5 cups pumpkin seeds 1.5 cups sunflower seeds 1/2 cup oat bran (great for extra fibre) 1 1/5 cups mixed nuts (chopped) 2 tbsp maple syrup 3–4 tbsp extra virgin olive oil Optional:  pinch of sea salt After baking, add: 1 cup dried cranberries 6 tbsp chia seeds 150 g cacao nibs (if you enjoy a chocolatey crunch) Optional topping before serving: hemp seeds Method Preheat the oven to 180°C. On a large baking sheet, mix rolled oats, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, chopped nuts, oat bran, maple syrup, olive oil, and a pinch of salt. Spread the mixture evenly. Bake for about 30 minutes, stirring halfway, until lightly golden. Remove from the oven and let cool completely — the granola will turn crunchy as it cools. Stir in dried cranberries, chia seeds, and cacao nibs once cooled. Serving size:  around 50 g of granola. Keep in an airtight container. Enjoy within 1 month (if it lasts that long!). How to Serve With plain Greek yoghurt or/and kefir for a gut-friendly probiotic boost. Add frozen or fresh berries for antioxidants and natural sweetness. Mix in curd cheese for an extra protein kick. Rotate with eggs or smoothie bowls to keep breakfast varied but always nutritious. If you are looking to improve your nutrition to have better healthy, more energy, don't hesitate to reach out to me for nutrition counselling at info@katrinpeo.com .

I wrote in my previous blog about things you can do to support your immune system . In this blog post I focus on vitamins and minerals that are especially important for supporting your immune system. Make sure that you cover these in your daily menu. Vitamin C (also known as ascorbic acid) It works to improve everything from your skin health to immune function. Vitamin C protects the health of your heart, repairs and restores tissues in your body, reduces risk for gout, helps to boost the absorption of other nutrients (such as iron) in the body. Present in: Black Currants Red Peppers Kiwis Guavas Green Bell Peppers Oranges Strawberries Papayas Broccoli Kale Parsley Pineapple Brussels Sprouts Cauliflower Mango Lemon Grapefruit Honeydew melon Peas Tomatoes Keep in mind: It’s best to consume foods high in vitamin C raw whenever possible. Cooking methods like boiling, simmering, sautéing, stir-frying and poaching can result in significant nutrient losses in foods containing vitamin C. Zinc Zinc is a trace mineral that is essential for many enzymatic reactions in your body. It's important for cell division and acts as an antioxidant. It fights free radical damage, slows down the ageing process, boosts eye health, promotes muscle repair and growth, helps with healing wounds, enhances your immune function and balances hormones. Consume 2-3 servings of zinc containing foods per day. Make sure you soak the nuts, seeds and legumes and cook well before consuming them due to phytates, as these inhibit zinc absorption. Present in: Lamb Pumpkin Seeds Hemp Seeds Grass-Fed Beef Chickpeas Lentils Cocoa Powder Cashew nuts Kefir or Yoghurt Ricotta Cheese Mushrooms Spinach Avocado Chicken Almonds Iron Iron is a trace mineral present in every living cell in your body. It's a main component in hemoglobin (part of red blood cell carrying oxygen to the tissues and myoglobin (part of muscle cells holding the oxygen). Iron is important for red blood cell production to prevent anemia, energy levels, for good brain function as it carries oxygen to your brain and also for development in children. Iron is also important for properly digesting and absorbing other important nutrients from the food you eat, and it helps to bring adequate amount of oxygen to damaged areas of your body, which include cells, organs and tissues. Iron deficiency is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies present in people. It's important to consume iron-reach foods on a regular basis. Daily recommendation for iron consumption varies based on age, where pregnant and breastfeeding women need the most. Present in: Spirulina (8mg for 28g), which is half from the daily recommendation Chicken liver and beef liver Grass-fed beef Instant oatmeal Oysters Octopus Mussels Dark chocolate Sardines White beans Black beans Lentils Kidney beans Spinach Sesame seeds Some foods help to increase the absorption of iron, when consumed together with iron-reach food. These are: citrus fruits, apricots, beets, beet greens, collard greens, red grapes, oranges, peaches, prunes, red peppers, sweet potatoes. Vitamin E Vitamin E has strong antioxidant properties as well as it protects your cells against damage. It helps to prevent chronic diseases, reduces blood clotting, is important for healthy skin, hair growth and healthy vision. Vitamin E is abundant in the foods, so deficiency is rare, but none-the-less it's important that you focus on consuming foods rich in Vitamin E. Present in: Sunflower Seeds Almonds Hazelnuts Cooked Spinach Avocado Cooked Turnip Greens Cooked Butternut Squash Pine nuts Olive oil Mango Cooked Sweet Potato Cooked Tomatoes Salmon Butternut Squash Selenium Selenium is a trace mineral, which means we need to get enough of it from our daily diet. Selenium has both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects- it's required for the creation of glutathione, which is considered to be your body's master antioxidants. Selenium rich foods help with live function and detoxification as well as thyroid and hormonal health. Present in: Brazil nuts- it's said it's enough to consume 2 brazil nuts a day to get the recommended daily amount. Please remember to soak them before consuming. Salmon Tuna (limit the consumption due to high mercury levels) Turkey Chicken Mushrooms Halibut Eggs Sardines Sunflower Seeds Grass-fed Beef Oats Beef Liver Vitamin D3 It's important to supplement with vitamin D3 as most of us are deficient in vitamin D. Deficiency of this vitamin can increase the risk of infection. Vitamin D help to transport calcium from your intestines as it digests into the bloodstream. When supplementing with D3, it's recommended to use it together with vitamin K2. Vitamin K helps to take then the calcium from the bloodstream and deposit into bones and teeth. So these two vitamins work hand-in-hand in addition to magnesium. Vitamin A Vitamin A is a soluble vitamin important for healthy vision and skin. It's also important for the development of specific immune cells to fight infections and inflammation. Present in: Butternut Squash Sweet Potato Kale Carrots Beef Liver Spinach Dried Apricots Broccoli Butter Egg Yolks Vitamin B6 Vitamin B6 plays a role in more than 100 different reactions in your body. It's needed to help to make amino acids, the building blocks for hundreds of cellular functions and proteins. It also helps to form hemoglobin and neurotransmitters and regulation of blood glycose. Vitamin B6 helps to improve the immune function by fighting off the foreign invaders in your body. Present in: Turkey Breast Grass-Fed Beef Pistachios Tuna Pinto Beans Avocado Chicken Breast Blackstrap Molasses Sunflower Seeds Sesame Seeds Omega- 3 Omega-3 fatty acids are anti-inflammatory, helping lowering instances of allergies and upper respiratory infections, fighting depression and anxiety, improving eye health, supporting bone and joint health and also heart health. Present in: Fatty fish (salmon, mackerel, herring, sardines, anchovies) Oysters Caviar Seaweed Chia seeds Hemp seeds Flax seeds Walnuts Soybeans Quercetin Quercetin is an antioxidant that helps to neutralise free radicals and therefore reduce their damage to the body. It also helps protect against viral illnesses, heart disease, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Quercetin ahelps to stabilise the cells that release histamine in the body, thus helping against allergic reactions. Present in: Raw onion Apples Red grapes Kale Capers Spinach Watercress Cherries Berries Broccoli Tomatoes Asparagus Green tea Black tea Chilli peppers Fermented foods and drinks They support healthy gut microbiome. And as 70% of our immune system is in our guts, it's important to consume on a regular basis fermented foods and drinks. Your skin health and brain health are also directly linked to the condition of your gut. Present in: Kefir Yoghurt Kombucha Kvass Sauerkraut Kimchi Pickled vegetables Miso Tempeh You can find a thorough list of fermented foods and drinks from this article . There are other additional foods and supplements that benefit the immune system: Elderberry Syrup Turmeric Oregano Essential Oil (dilute one drop in a glass of water) Medicinal mushrooms Tulsi (Holy Basil) If you are looking for support improving your diet and health, please do contact me for nutrition counselling and health coaching at info@katrinpeo.com .

A chilly autumn day equals for me with a soup or a slow cooked meal. I combined the two together in a meal, where I had some left-over slow cooked lamb from the weekend, to which my husband put a great deal of effort and love into making it and I had a Hokkaido pumpkin on the counter that was waiting to be cooked. Pumpkin and butternut are naturally sweet and highly nutritious orange foods, containing powerful antioxidants like alpha and beta-carotene and anti-inflammatory agents. A great meal for upset stomach or when you feel cold coming on. And since the Hokkaido pumpkin I had was quite big, I baked all the whole pumpkin and saved some baked pumpkin for the he next day for a nice pumpkin pie smoothie. Creamy Hokkaido pumpkin soup For 6 persons Ingredients 1 Hokkaido pumpkin 4 garlic gloves with peel on 2 medium sized carrots, peeled and gut into slightly smaller pieces 1 onion, peeled and cut into quarters 0.5l-1l of bone broth (I used beef broth this time, but chicken broth is also great) 1,5 cup of coconut milk (make sure you buy organic, 100% coconut milk) 1tbsp of miso paste ( I used this one - great to add in to different meals at the end) 1/2 tsp of cinnamon 1tsp of freshly squeezed lemon 1/2tsp of freshly grated organic lemon rind Parsley Slow cooked lamb, cooked chicken or other meat (optional) Instructions Preheat the oven to 190C (375F)- roasting function. I don't peel the raw pumpkin, but cut it into 2cm or so chunks- as it's much easier to peel it after it's baked. I just remove the pumpkin seeds and flesh. I bake the pumpkin seeds together with the pumpkin pieces. You can use the pumpkin seeds later on for garnish. Put the cut pumpkin pieces on the pan and add carrots, garlic, onion. Sprinkle with a little bit of sea salt on top and drizzle some olive oil over the vegetables. Bake in the oven for 30 minutes. Remove the vegetables from the oven, cool down slightly. Peel the pumpkin pieces, remove the flesh from the garlic pieces discarding the peels. Put all the vegetables into a high speed blender, add the bone broth, coconut milk, cinnamon, lemon zest, fresh lemon juice and miso paste. Blend until smooth. You can reheat the soup on the stove if it's not warm enough to eat. Pour the soup into bowls, add the meat pieces, garnish with parsley and serve. Enjoy!

Have you ever wondered what your body might be trying to tell you? Subtle changes like fatigue, brittle nails, or even mood swings could signal a lack of essential nutrients. Inspired by insights from dr. David Jockers and frequent questions from friends about sourcing vitamins and minerals, I’ve put together this post to explore key signs of deficiencies and practical ways to address them through food. While this list isn’t exhaustive, it highlights top nutrient-rich foods, empowering you to make balanced, wholesome choices for optimal health. From a nutrition point of view if you consume a wide variety of foods, you will make sure your body gets what it needs: - eat fibre rich foods - eat healthy fats - eat healthy protein , including plant-based and animal-based - boost the antioxidants intake through nature's superfoods - consume regularly prebiotic and probiotic foods Source: Dr. David Jockers Vitamins Fat-soluble vitamins To absorb fat-soluble vitamins through the intestinal tract in the body, it's important to consume them together with fat. Your body stores fat-soluble vitamins in liver and fatty tissue. Reserves of these vitamins can stay in the body for a while. Vitamin A (retinol, retinal, carotenoid such as beta carotene) Function: important for eye, skin and bone health Foods: butternut squash, sweet potato, kale, carrots, beef liver, spinach, dried apricots, broccoli, butter, egg yolks, cod liver oil, red bell peppers, raw whole milk, cheeses, mangos, tomatoes, papaya, peaches, cantaloupe melon, green peas, oatmeal, paprika, basil Vitamin D Function: important for bone health, immune system, for managing blood sugar, for skin health, for thyroid health Foods: cod liver oil, halibut, carp fish, mackerel, eel, wild-caught salmon, whitefish, rainbow trout, sardines, tuna, eggs, beef liver, raw milk, caviar, Maitake mushrooms, portobello mushrooms Vitamin E Function: helps prevent oxidative stress, balances cholesterol, repairs damaged skin, balances hormones, thickens hair, improves vision Foods: sunflower seeds, almonds, hazelnuts, mango, avocado, butternut squash, broccoli, spinach, kiwi, tomato Vitamin K Function: important for blood clotting, bone health Foods: kale, spinach, turnip greens, dandelion greens, mustard greens, Swiss chard, Brussel sprouts, spring onions, cabbage, kiwi, broccoli, avocado, blackberries, blueberries, natto, prunes, kidney beans, pine nuts, pomegranate, cashews, beef, chicken breast, beef liver, grass-fed butter Water-soluble vitamins Vitamin B and C vitamins are water-soluble vitamins and they do no stay in the body for long, but leave the body via the urine. Therefore we need to consume regularly more water-soluble than fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) Function: for various enzyme production, to break down blood sugar Foods: nutritional yeast, spirulina and other seaweed, sunflower seeds, macadamia nuts, black beans, lentils, organic soybeans, navy beans, white beans, pinto beans, mung beans, asparagus, Brussels sprouts, beef liver Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) Function: for development and growth of cells and also helps to metabolise food Foods: beef liver, natural yoghurt, raw milk, eggs, feta cheese, lamb, wild-caught salmon, spinach, almonds, sun-dried tomatoes, quinoa, lentils, mushrooms, tahini, kidney beans Vitamin B3 (niacin) Function: for cells growth and proper function Foods: chicken, liver, tuna, turkey, salmon, sardines, grass-fed beef, sunflower seeds, peanuts, green peas, brown rice, mushrooms, avocado, sweet potatoes, asparagus Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) Function: important for energy and hormones production Foods: chicken liver, sunflower seeds, avocados, portobello mushrooms, sweet potatoes, salmon, lentils, corn, sun-dried tomatoes, eggs, cauliflower Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) Function: important for red blood cell formation Foods: turkey breast, grass-fed beef, pistachios, tuna, pinto beans, avocado, chicken breast, blackstrap molasses, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds Vitamin B7 (biotin) Function: enables your body to metabolise carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Also contributes to keratin, a structural protein in the hair, nails and skin. Foods: liver, eggs, nutritional yeast, salmon, dairy products (goat cheese, feta cheese etc), legumes and beans, avocado, raspberries and other berries, bananas, sweet potatoes, cauliflower, whole grains (for example oatmeal), Ezekiel bread (and other wholegrain breads), mushrooms, almonds, sunflower seeds Vitamin B9 (folate; folic acid is a synthetic form of folate found in supplements and fortified foods) Function: important for making DNA and RNA Foods: beef liver, spinach, black-eyed peas, asparagus, Brussels sprouts, Romaine lettuce, avocado, broccoli) Vitamin B12 Function: important for a healthy nervous system Foods: beef liver, sardines, Atlantic mackerel, lamb, wild-caught salmon, nutritional yeast, feta cheese, grass-fed beef, cottage cheese, eggs Vitamin C Function: supports with immune system, helps with bone formation, wound healing, collagen production. Also strengthens blood vessels and helps with iron absorption. Foods: black currant, red pepper, kiwi, guava, green bell pepper, orange, strawberries, papaya, broccoli, kale, parsley, pineapple, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, mango, lemon, grapefruit, honeydew melon, peas, tomatoes Minerals Macrominerals Macrominerals are essential minerals. We need to consume macrominerals in larger quantities for our bodies to function properly. Chloride Function: an important electrolyte mineral for water metabolism, osmosis and body fluid balance. The cells in the lining of your stomach need chloride to make hydrochloric acid. Foods: table salt, sea salt, seaweeds, celery, tomatoes, lettuce Calcium Function: for bone building, nerve conduction, muscle contraction, heartbeat regulation. Also helps to reduce blood pressure and cholesterol. Foods: sardines, yoghurt, kefir, raw milk, whey protein from milk, cheese, kale, okra, bok choy, almonds, broccoli, watercress Magnesium Function: important for more than 300 biochemical reactions in the body. 99% of the body's magnesium is stored in the bones, muscles and soft tissues, only 1 percent in the blood. If you want to learn more about magnesium, click here . Foods: seaweed, amaranth, cooked spinach, kale, chard, sunflower seeds, black beans, mung beans, mackerel, cashews, flaxseeds, almonds, dark chocolate, pumpkin seeds, avocado, banana, broccoli, Brussels sprouts. Phosphorus Function: involved in hundreds of cellular activities, helps to utilise nutrients from foods and supports detoxification. Majority stored in our bones. Foods: sunflower seeds, sheep's milk, canned salmon, cheese, cottage cheese, dark meat of chicken, yoghurt, potatoes, white beans, mung beans, Adzuki beans, tuna, tofu, turkey, black beans, grass-fed beef, portobello mushrooms, almonds, brown rice. Potassium Function: for fluid and electrolyte balance in the body, for bone health, reduced blood pressure and a required mineral for the function of heart, kidneys, brain, muscles. Works with sodium to support cellular function. Foods: avocado, lima beans, Swiss chard, acorn squash, spinach, sweet potato, wild-caught salmon, dried apricots, pomegranate, coconut water, white beans, banana, broccoli, sardines, peas, beets, grapefruit Sodium Function: controls the amount of water and types of nutrients and compounds that go in and out from the cells. Important for keeping the pH balance and regulating blood pressure. Helps your muscles and heart to contract and helps nerve cells to carry messages between the brain and the body. It also supports the production and release of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, which is important for food digestion and absorption. Helps also with oxygenation of our bodies. Foods: fresh vegetables, fruit, legumes, salt Sulfur Function: helps to protect against cellular damage and oxidative stress; supports immune function and controls inflammation; helps with antioxidant synthesis, builds and repairs DNA Foods: beef, organ meats, seafood, chicken, turkey, fish, dairy products, eggs, garlic, onions, leeks, shallots, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, cabbage, Brussel sprouts, almonds, walnuts, sesame seeds, sunflower seeds, chickpeas, kidney beans, lentils, peas Microminerals Cobalt Function: forms part of the structure of vitamin B12 and important for cell function; for nervous system proper function; helps to break down sugars and with energy metabolism; preserves thyroid hormone regulation; helps with iron absorption. Foods: cabbage, spinach, broccoli, lettuce, oats, dairy products, eggs, oysters, fish, nuts, liver, shellfish Copper Function: helps to form hemoglobin and collagen in the body, important for energy metabolism, DNA synthesis and respiration Foods: beef liver, dark chocolate, sunflower seeds, cashews, chickpeas, raisins, lentils, hazelnuts, dried apricots, avocado, sesame seeds, quinoa, turnip greens, blackstrap molasses, shiitake mushrooms, almonds, asparagus, kale, goat cheese, chia seeds Iodine Function: responsible for regulating thyroid function (enables thyroid gland to produce T4 and T3 thyroid hormones); for growth and development and supporting healthy metabolism. Needed almost by every bodily system. When you have underactive thyroid, you should be careful consuming too much iodine. Foods: dried kelp, iodised salt, wild-caught cod, plain yoghurt, dried wakame, raw milk, dried nori, eggs, tuna, lima beans, organic corn, prunes, raw unpasteurised cheese, green peas, bananas Iron Function: important for red blood cell production, energy levels, cognitive development, healthy fetus development and immune system Foods: spirulina, liver, grass-fed beef, lentils, dark chocolate, spinach, sardines, black beans, pistachios, raisins, pumpkin seeds, eggs, chickpeas, kale, chicken. Here I have an article about iron deficiency and how to support reversing it. Manganese Function: for nutrient absorption, production of digestive enzymes, immune system defences and bone development Foods: teff, rye, brown rice, amaranth, hazelnuts, adzuki beans, chickpeas, macadamia nuts, oats, black beans, buckwheat, oat bran, pinto beans, navy beans, pecans, almonds, spinach, potatoes Molybdenum Function: helps with macronutrients breakdown, metabolism of iron, helps body to detoxify; carries out vital enzyme-related processes Foods: lentils, dried peas, lima beans, kidney beans, soy beans, black beans, chickpeas, oats, tomatoes, romaine lettuce, cucumber, celery, eggs, carrots, bell peppers, fennel, yoghurt, peanuts, sesame seeds, walnuts, almonds Selenium Function: improves immunity; defends against inflammation and free radical damage; helps to maintain healthy metabolism; increases antioxidant capability and the quality of blood flow Foods: Brazil nuts, salmon, tuna, turkey, cottage cheese, chicken, mushrooms, halibut, eggs, navy beans, sardines, sunflower seeds, grass-fed beef, oats, beef liver Zinc Function: important for more than 100 enzymatic processes in the body; needed for healthy cell devision; for slowing down cellular ageing; fighting free radical damage Foods: Oysters, lamb, pumpkin seeds, hemp seeds, grass-fed beef, chickpeas, lentils, cocoa powder, cashews, kefir, yoghurt, ricotta cheese, mushrooms, spinach, avocado, chicken, almonds, eggs Omega 3 fatty acids Function: important part of cell membranes; starting point for making hormones that regulate contraction, relaxation of artery walls, blood clotting and inflammation. Foods: mackerel, salmon, cod liver oil, herring, oysters, sardines, anchovies, caviar, ground flaxseeds, chia seeds, walnuts, soybeans, hemp seeds, natto, egg yolks. What vitamins and minerals you need to consume together? Vitamin D + Calcium (vitamin D helps absorb, carry and deposit calcium into bones) Iron + Vitamin C (vitamin C enhances the absorption of iron) Vitamin B12 and B9 (folate) Vitamin D + Omega 3 Magnesium + Vitamin D Vitamin D + Vitamin K2 Vitamin K2 + Calcium What vitamins and minerals you should not consume together? Calcium + Iron (for example it's not good to consume heavy meat and cheese together) Vitamin E + Vitamin K (excess amounts of vitamin E can reduce the absorption of vitamin K) Iron + Copper + Zinc (if there is an excess of one in the food, it crowds out the others from making it through the intestinal wall) I hope the above is a good guide for you to understand the basics of vitamins and minerals and from which foods to get them. As you most probably realised, if you eat a well-balanced diet, where you incorporate a wide variety of foods, you'll make sure your body gets all the nutrients it needs. You can also find the downloadable pdf's of all vitamins and minerals from my Resources page . If you need support and coaching towards better nutrition and better health, don't hesitate to reach out to me at info@katrinpeo.com .

Leaky gut is a topic that's truly one of the areas of my deep interest- how it can have short and long-term negative effects on our health if we leave it untreated. Though I have written in the past an article about leaky gut , what it is, how to heal it- couple of podcasts I have listened to from doctors this week, pushed me to cover this topic again but maybe in more detail from how it affects our bodies and what's the functional medicine approach treating it. Photo source: Piqsels Leaky gut- what is it? It's when you have larger openings in your intestines lining, so proteins like gluten, parasites or other organisms leak through the gut, get into the bloodstream, start to create inflammation, decrease the function of the immune system in the layers of the digestive tract and increase also levels of some chemical, like zonulin. Pores in your small digestive tract are supposed to be able to let the nutrients from food get into the bloodstream, be transported to the heart and from there to different parts of the body. But the pores should be small enough only to allow that. Having a healthy gut is central to your health- it's connected to everything that's happening in your body. Symptoms of a leaky gut can include any of the below: Food sensitivities, food allergies (like dairy, gluten)- if you have had a high starch, high sugar diet , with regular consumption of ultra-processed foods , this could have damaged your gut lining and reducing the acid in the stomach. When digestive tract is inflamed, when there is not enough stomach acid to break down the food and when there are openings in the small intestine wall, food particles get into the blood stream. Your body sees these as foreign invaders and will activate and immune-response to fight off the foreign objects. Gas, bloating, cramping, constipation, diarrhoea . When food goes into the small intestine and colon, When you consume highly processed foods, refined sugars and starch, trans-fats, you feed the wrong bacteria in the gut. Bacteria eat these foods and produce gases. which cause gas, bloating, cramping in the stomach. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBS, Crohn's, ulcerative colitis), chronic constipation, chronic diarrhoea, chronic loose stools) . The better the structures of the intestinal lining, the better the immune function. If the gut lining is damaged, the immune function is low. Auto-immune illness. When food particles (like gluten, lactose, casein, trans-fats, refined sugars) or parasites get through the gut lining into the blood stream, it can cause system-wide inflammation. And if this continues for a while, it can cause auto-immune response in the body and can develop into diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto's, Grave's, Type 1 diabetes, lupus etc. Thyroid disfunction, adrenal issues and reproductive issues Joint pain - when you have infected blood, your liver is trying to process the infections out from the body. Since your liver is involved in ligaments, tendons, connective tissue building, it's important to keep liver functioning properly. Diseases like Lyme disease like to go to the cartilage as there is glycosamine for it to feed on- and the disease affects joints (hips, knees, wrists). When I was diagnosed in 2016 with Lyme disease, I experienced debilitating pain in my hips and knees for a few months. I was recommended to gut out gluten from my diet, which I did. It took 3-4 weeks for the pain in the joints to reside and has not come back again. After some time I did introduce gluten containing foods (like wholegrain rye bread) back into my diet and my body is tolerating it. Malabsorption issues - you are what you digest not only what you eat . When you have biofilm, plaque in the intestinal tract, where infections and bacteria likes to hide- nutrients can't get through into the blood stream. Infections in the biofilm are eating away the nutrients. Also biofilms in the body are said to protect each other, signalling to each other about the anti-bodies. Biofilms need to be cleaned out and slowly to improve the nutrients absorption. Skin issues - any type of acne, rosacea, psoriasis, eczema, rashes. Your skin is your largest organ pushing out toxins if your digestive tract can't do it. Facial chart and meridians on the body can indicate where is the infection in the body. You can read my post on skin issues and face mapping . Mood, anxiety, stress, ADHD, OCD, deep depression, brain fog . For example majority of the neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine) are created in the gut. If the gut is leaky, the production of these neurotransmitters is also impaired. Chronic fatigue Dr. Josh Axe has a leaky gut quiz that you can take to understand, whether you could have a leaky gut. How is leaky gut treated? Functional medicine doctors, practitioners and functional nutritionists typically approach healing the leaky gut using 5R approach. But it depends on the person what stages are required. Remove . It's important to remove the triggers that negatively affect the environment of the digestive tract. One of the ways to do it is through an elimination diet for 30 days so you get to understand what foods could be a inflammatory for you. If you have parasites, yeast, bad bacteria, mould toxicity, heavy metal toxicity (this all can be found out with lab testing), you will be put together protocols eradicate a particular bug in this phase as well. Here are a list of tests that can be run to determine if your gut is leaky . Replace . It's important then to replace digestive secretions, by adding in digestive enzymes, bile acids, hydrochloric acid, that are all needed for proper digestion, that could have been compromised by drug usage, unhealthy diet, diseases or other factors. Reinoculate . Once the gut is cleaned, it's time to start to grow the good bacteria in the gut, by regularly consuming probiotic and prebiotic rich foods. Both are essential to increase the good-bacteria in the gut. Here it's also to consider bio-individuality as people with SIBO, do not do well with prebiotic or probiotic foods. Repair . It's also important to help the gut lining to repair itself which takes time. Liquorice root, slippery elm, marshmallow root, L-glutamine, zinc carnitine, ginger, aloe vera, good quality fish oil, vitamin A, C, D, E and zinc rich foods all help the gut lining to heal. Rebalance . As you are working on the above 4 Rs, focus on consuming whole foods, manage your stress levels, get adequate amount of sleep, spend regular time in fresh air in the nature and be physically active. All these help to support a healthy digestive tract. If you are looking for someone's help who can guide you towards more healthy and balanced diet, that you can sustain and who can help to detect the imbalances in other areas of your life and support you in finding more balance in the areas that effect health do reach out to me for health and nutrition coaching at info@katrinpeo.com .

I decided to make mini burgers for family for dinner yesterday. I don't know if you have a similar struggle like I have, but I simply can't find burger buns at the stores in Estonia that I am ok for my family to eat. They are filled with emulsifiers, preservatives, stabilisers, sugar, wheat gluten etc., which do not add any nutritional value to the food and disrupt our gut microbiota. So I chose to make my own buns and by chance I found a really easy recipe, that can be used for buns, for bagels, for sliced bread, in however shape you want to eat it. I wasn't sure would this recipe really work, but it did. Super-easy protein rich gluten-free buns Ingredients Makes 6 small buns 1 cup of Greek yoghurt 2 cups of almond flour 1 egg yolk Sesame seeds, linseeds, sea salt, sumac for sprinkling Butter for greasing the baking sheet You can mix your own herbs in the bread mixture as well, like oregano for example. Or add finely chopped sun-dried tomatoes, olives. I added some pumpkin seeds and sunflower seeds, but it's not needed. Instructions Preheat the oven to 175C (300F). Put a baking sheet on the baking tray. Grease it slightly with butter. Mix together Greek yoghurt and almond flour. Separate the egg white from egg yolk. Whisk the egg yolk in a bowl. Mix the seeds and salt in a bowl (if you don't have sumac, you can omit it). Roll the buns from the dough, roll them in egg yolk and then sprinkle the seeds and salt mixture on top. Bake in the oven for 25 minutes. Take out and cool down before using. How I assembled the burgers? I made patties from Liivimaa lihaveise minced meat , added fried onion, garlic, oregano, egg, salt and pepper. I fried quail eggs, cut slices of tomato, smashed an avocado with lemon juice and added Romaine lettuce leaves as salads. I did not add cheese this time, but you can add grated or a slice of cheese as well to the burgers.

A topic that I discuss with my every single client I coach, is our gut microbiome. It's the center of our health. The way we eat, the way we sleep, we exercise, manage our stress levels, take care of our environment- they all impact our microbiome diversity and whether we have a good balance of different microorganism in the gut. In the below article, I cover what is microbiome, what does it do and why we won't live without them and they can't live without us. Also what affects the health of microbiome and how can you take care of it so that it can take care of you. Your gut can hold the key to everything from tackling weight issues, overcoming anxiety and depression, lowering your risk for chronic illnesses, boosting your immunity and the list goes on. Photo: Shutterstock What is gut microbiome? Our gut microbiome is the most important scientific discovery for human healthcare in recent decades. There is still a lot we are learning about it, but below are just a few things we know: our gut microbiome weighs between 1-2kg depending on the person and is bigger than an average human brain in terms of weight. it's a community of trillions of bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea. it contains approximately 35,000 different strains of bacteria , majority in our large intestine, but bacteria can also be found in our small intestine, stomach and oesophagus. it contains at least 150 times more genes than the human genome. we are filled with microbes, that form their own microbiomes in our gut, our skin, in our mouth, lungs, eyes, reproductive system and even in our brain. These different microbiomes have evolved with us since the beginning of our human history. Our gut microbiome is the largest and most important one when it comes to our overall health gut microbiome is extremely complex and varies from person to person a lot more than 70% of our immune system resides in our gut What does gut microbiome do? Gut is a vital organ, where food gets digested, metabolised and absorbed to be delivered into our cells and provide the body with energy. Gut is also essential for the removal of waste from the body. The total surface of our gut is around the size of a half a badminton court - this is why diet what we eat has such a profound impact on our health. The integrity of our gut lining can become compromised ( leaky ) if it's constantly being bombarded with chemicals from food and environment or we are chronically stressed. This causes chronic low-level inflammation that can lead to various diseases. Gut microbes do things that the gut can't do, which is liberating and synthesising nutrients from foods, especially plant foods. In order for the microbes to do the proper job for us, they need anything from 25-35g of fibre a day . But our modern diet that is often low in fibre, highly processed, high-sugar- does not really support that. Our bodies are not used to breaking down all the chemicals, artificial sweeteners, emulsifiers, thickeners that we get through the processed foods we eat. Our gut microbiome affects our: mood depression and anxiety levels happiness (90% of the serotonin, a feel good hormone, is produced in the gut as well as 50% of the dopamine is produced by neurons and cells in your gut) appetite food digestion effectiveness immune system What affects gut microbiome? Having a diverse population of gut microbes is associated with better health. As we have urbanised more over the years, changed our diets from whole foods to processed foods, as we have used more and more chemicals to kill microbes in our environments, as we are getting more and more exposure to antibiotics, our microbial diversity has declined. Below are some of the main things that affect our gut microbiome. How were you delivered as a baby? Babies who are born via C-section are exposed to different strains of bacteria as compared to babies born vaginally. When born vaginally, babies inhale the mother's vaginal microbes while moving through the birth canal, therefore inoculating baby's gut with microbiome from mother. Babies born through C-section don't get that unless they are swabbed with maternal vaginal microbes after they are born. How was your diet in your infancy and childhood? If you were breastfed, you were exposed to more beneficial bacteria from your mother's milk. Of course the quality of your mother's milk was influenced by her diet, BMI, antibiotic use, mother's health in general. If you were formula-fed, your did not get that additional exposure to microbes. How has your diet been during your adulthood? What you eat, has a profound impact on the different types of bacteria that live in your gut. If you consume processed foods, eat fries, burgers, chips, sugar containing foods- then you feed the bacteria that wants that type of food and those bacteria communicate with your brain to crave those specific foods. You also increase pathogens overgrowth and starve out probiotic bacteria, which thrive on prebiotic fibre. If you consume whole foods, diet rich in plant-foods, you support the beneficial microorganisms in the gut, making you to want to eat specifically those foods. Pesticides that are used to spray grains, vegetables, fruits can also kill beneficial bacteria in the gut- therefore purchasing organic produce where possible is crucial for health. How many courses of antibiotics and other medications you've been on during your life? Antibiotics kill bacteria (it literally means 'anti-life)- it is essential if you are sick with a bad bacterial infection and you need help ridding yourself of the harmful bacteria. The challenge is that by killing the bad bacteria, antibiotics also destroy the good bacteria, creating a dysbiosis in the gut. Even just one course of commonly prescribed antibiotic can wipe out microbial diversity for one month and restoring the microbiome from course of antibiotics can take long time (half a year). And some strains of good bacteria we had working for us, we are never able to get back through diet or supplementation. But also medications like antidepressants, proton pump inhibitors, beta-blockers can cause dysbiosis in the gut. How are your stress and anxiety levels? Stress, whether brief or long term can alter the gut microbiota because of the gut-brain axis , where your gut and brain are in constant communication with one another. Emotional stress causes dysbiosis in the gut and dysbiosis increases emotional stress. Do you suffer from any chronic illnesses? Chronic illnesses, such as heart disease, cancer, stroke, type 2 diabetes, arthritis, osteoporosis, asthma, depression often affect the diversity of the gut microbiome negatively. How active you are? Sedentary lifestyle with no or very low levels of physical activity lead to increase number of pathogenic gut bacteria and lower diversity in the gut microbiome, which increases your risk for infections and chronic illnesses. What is your exposure to environmental toxins? The household products you use to clean your home, the cosmetics you use on your skin, your exposure to heavy metals- all this affects the gut microbiome. How is your sleep? If you are sleep deprived or experience low quality sleep, this can cause dysbiosis, leading to weaker immune system as well as affecting your brain health. How old you are? It takes around 3 years for toddlers to colonise their gut microbiome similarly to that of an adult's. Also, as we get over 70 plus years, our microbial diversity decreases. What are your genetics? Though genetics play a small role, compared to our environment, diet, lifestyle we are practicing, some aspects of the microbiome may be inherited. How does poor gut health affect your health? Poor gut health is associated with: obesity, type 2 diabetes gut diseases depression and anxiety heart diseases brain disorders (dementia, Alzheimer's) learning disabilities (ADHD, autism) asthma, skin allergies, sensitivities autoimmune diseases (Hashimoto's, inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis etc) cancer fatigue joint pain infertility How can you support your gut microbiome? When your gut microbiome has a healthy balance, good bacteria (probiotics) outnumber the bad bacteria (pathogens) and contribute to your overall wellness. Detoxify your gut The best starting point to improve your gut health is to detoxify your gut, by removing inflammatory foods from your diet, such as refined carbohydrates and processed grains, added sugar, processed foods, refined vegetable oils, conventional dairy. The guidelines here can vary depending on the person and also their food sensitivities. Also some cell-supporting agents can help as well, like citrus pectin. Chlorophyll, chlorella, activated charcoal are are natural ways to help body to rid itself from toxins. Eat a healthy diet Practice healthy eating, which is diverse, with plenty of fibrous food (vegetables, salads, berries, fruits), probiotic and prebiotic rich foods to feed and grow the good bacteria in the gut, bone broth or meat stock to sooth and heal the gut lining as well as good quality protein and fat . Use plenty of fresh herbs and spices, such as cilantro, basil, rosemary, oregano, turmeric, ginger, thyme. To determine the microbial diversity, good and bad bacteria balance in your gut, you can do a gut microbiome test. Companies like Elsavie in Estonia, Viome in the US, offer the services and products around gut microbiome, where once you place an order on their website, they send you a test kit to take the stool test at home and send it back to them. You will then receive the results of the test, with a breakdown of different bacteria in your gut, the good and bad bacteria as well as dietary recommendations (what to eat and what not to eat) to improve your gut microbiome. Elsavie has also dietary fibre supplements in a powdered form you can order to help increase your daily fibre intake as well as probiotic supplements. Viome provides tests apart from gut microbiome also to test your cellular and oral health, where in addition to personalised nutrition advice they also formulate precision supplements and probiotic/prebiotic supplements based on your microbiome health and where it needs support. Exercise regularly If you practice regular moderate physical activity you support the growth and diversity of probiotic bacteria in your gut. Relax and focus on improving your sleep Learn ways to destress yourself and take time to find ways how you can improve your sleep time and quality. Adding good quality supplements, like Omega-3, CoQ 10, selenium, vitamin C, D, E can also help keep free radical damage from disturbing microbiome in the gut. When your gut is functioning well, you have a better running digestive system, you have more balanced hormones, you have a better immune system and a fired-up brain function. If you are looking for support to improve your gut health don't hesitate to reach out to me for guidance and nutrition coaching at info@katrinpeo.com .

In our modern society, where convenience often trumps nutrition, fibre consumption has gradually declined, posing significant health challenges. With the rise of processed and fast foods, many of which are low in fibre and high in refined carbohydrates, sugars, and fats, people are consuming less fibre than ever before. Additionally, the shift towards a more sedentary lifestyle further exacerbates this issue, as physical inactivity can contribute to sluggish digestion and reduced bowel movements. As a result, inadequate fibre intake has become a widespread problem, leading to issues like constipation, poor gut health, and increased risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular conditions and also contributing to high cholesterol. It's essential to recognise the importance of fibre in our diets and take proactive steps to incorporate fibre-rich foods into our daily meals for better overall health and well-being. In this article, I will cover, what is dietary fibre, why is it so important for you and what are the best sources for it. What is fibre? It's a carbohydrate that we as humans can't digest as we lack the enzymes to break it down within the body. This is the reason, why it fills you up and also helps to control your hunger. It's recommended that men consume minimum of 35 grams of fibre, women 25 grams of fibre and children 'their age + 7' grams of fibre a day. If you are someone who has been diagnosed with a bowel disease like IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome), then it's best to talk to your health care provider to learn about the safe amount for you. Also if you are someone who has not really consumed adequate amount of fibre, it's best to start increasing fibre slowly. As you increase the fibre intake, make sure you consume adequate amount of water during the day between your meals. On a high level, fibre comes in two different forms: soluble and insoluble fibre. Soluble fibre forms a gel when mixed with liquid, insoluble fibre passes through our intestines almost intact. Best fibres to consume Different fibres work different for different people. If you are someone who has not put focus on this area before, you might want to test out different fibres to find out which ones works the best for you. For some people fibres can cause constipation- it's important to choose then more gentle fibres. Also, it's important to start slowly adding more fibre to your diet, if you have not been very good at consuming it in the past, as you want to avoid excessive gas and bloating. Pectin fibres from fruit, chia seeds, flax seeds are good options as they are easier on your body. On top of consuming fibre, it's necessary to note that you also need to consume adequate amount of water on a daily basis to stay hydrated and have the fibre working better for you. In the tables below, I have listed the fibre content in foods ( according to the Food Composition Database created and managed by the Health Development Institute in Estonia ), so that you can analyse your current menu - how much of fibre do you get from the foods you eat and what could you add to the menu to increase fibre in your diet. It is important to understand that, for example, dried fruits/berries have considerably more fibre than fresh fruits, while they also have a higher content of natural sugars, which means that they should be consumed occasionally and a few pieces at a time to avoid consuming too much fruit sugar (fructose), which can burden the liver. Also, in the case of certain foods, such as flax seeds, chia seeds, psyllium husks, it is recommended to add these 1 teaspoon to 1 tablespoon at a time to your meals. Dried herbs also have more fibre than fresh ones - at the same time, they should not be used more than 1/2-1 teaspoon depending on the seasoning. Foods, which fibre content is 7.5 g - 88.5 g per 100g quantity. Food Fibre content Food Fibre content Food Fibre content Psyllium husks 88.5 g Linseed 26.4 g Goji berries 10 g  Cinnamon 53.1 g Cacao 24 g Sunflower seeds 9.9 g Fenugreek 47.5 Cardamom 23.1 g Dried figs 9.8 g Rosemary, dried 42.6 g  Curcumin 22.7 g Pumpkin seeds 9.4 g Oregano, dried 42.5 g Coffee 19.8 g Dried mango 9.35 g Acai berry powder 40 g Oat bran 18 g Hazelnuts 9.3 g Rye bran 39 g  Kama flour 15.5 g Barley pearls 9.1 g Cumin 38 g Pecans 13.3 g Dried white mulberries 8.92 g Basil, dried 37.7 g Thyme, fresh 12.3 g Quince 8.9 g Thyme, dried 37 g Sesame seeds 11.3 g Pistachio nuts 8.8 g Clove 34.5 g Oats 11.3 g Oregano, fresh 8.4 g Chia seeds 34.4 g Tomato, sundried 11 g  Rose hip 8.3 g Chicory root coffee 29.2 g Granadilla 10.4 g Dates 8 g  Chili pepper, ground 26.9 g Almonds 10.4 g Peppermint 8 g  Black pepper 26.5 g Whole grain rye bread 10-13 g Dried apricots 7.7 g Foods, which fibre content is 3.8 g - 7.5 g per 100g quantity. Food Fibre content Food Fibre content Food Fibre content Brazil nuts 7.5 g Raisins 6.1 g Okra 5 g Coconut 7.3 g Green peas 5.9 g Dried papaya 5 g Black root 7.3 g Wholewheat pasta 5.9 g White beans 4.8 g Prunes 7.1 g Black currants 5.8 g Butternut 4.7 g Walnuts 7 g Garlic 5.8 g Butter beans 4.6 g Elderberries 7 g  Wakame seaweed 5.8 g Black rice 4.3 g Black beans 6.9 g Dried cranberries 5.7 g Hemp seeds 4.2 g  Pinto beans 6.7 g Parsnip 5.7 g Ground cherries 4.2 g Kale 6.7 g Artichoke 5.4 g Red rice 4.1 g Amaranth 6.7 g Blackberries 5.3 g Brussel sprouts 4.1 g White currants 6.7 g Prickly pear 5.3 g Parsley 4.1 g Soybeans 6.55 g Chokeberries 5.2 g Nettle 4.1 g Pinenuts 6.3 g Edamame beans 5.1 g Cashews 3.86 g Cloudberries 6.3 g Tamarind 5.1 g Chanterelle 3.8 g Chickpeas 6.2 g Red currants 5 g Rhubarb 3.8 g Foods, which fibre content is 2.2 g - 3.7 g per 100g quantity. Food Fibre content Food Fibre content Food Fibre content Raspberries 3.7 g Millet 3.2 g Broccoli 2.6 g Couscous 3.7 g Brown rice 3.2 g Jerusalem artichoke 2.6 g Guava 3.7 g Gooseberries 3.2 g Lingonberries 2.6 g Lentils 3.6 g Cilantro 3.2 g Savoy cabbage 2.6 g Seabuckthorn 3.6 g Sweet potato 3.1 g Apple 2.57 g Cranberries 3.5 g Bell pepper, yellow 3 g Bulgur  2.53 g Asparagus 3.5 g Carrot 2.9 g White cabbage 2.5 g Dandelion greens 3.5 g Swede 2.9 g Till 2.5 g Pomegranate 3.4 g Corn 2.9 g Beetroot 2.5 g Persimmon 3.4 g Figs 2.9 g Red cabbage 2.5 g Blueberries 3.3 g Rosemary, fresh 2.9 g Quinoa, boiled 2.42 g Boletus 3.3 g Wild strawberries 2.9 g  Eggplant 2.4 g Shitake mushrooms 3.3 g Leek 2.71 g Kiwi 2.4 g Fennel 3.3 g Pear 2.7 g Cauliflower 2.2 g Green beans 3.26 g Ramsons 2.69 g Endives 2.2 g Foods, which fibre content is 0.1 g - 2.2 g per 100g quantity. Food Fibre content Food Fibre content Food Fibre content Mulberries 2.2 g Damson plum 1.8 g Peach 1.4 g Sugar snap peas 2.2 g Orange 1.7 g Nectarine 1.4 g Ginger 2.14 g Mango 1.7 g Tomato 1.4 g Green onion 2.1 g Plum 1.7 g Grapefruit 1.3 g Chives 2.1 g Apricots 1.7 g  Clementines 1.25 g Bell pepper, green 2 g Alfalfa sprouts 1.7 g Pineapple 1.2 g Lemon, lime 2 g Grapes 1.6 g Chinese cabbage 1.1 g Bell pepper, red 1.9 g Beet greens 1.6 g Iceberg lettuce 1.1 g  Strawberries 1.9 g Radish 1.6 g Potato 1.03 g Papaya 1.9 g Rucola (arugula) 1.6 g  Pomelo 1 g Turnip 1.9 g  Basil, fresh 1.6 g Melon 0.7 g  Onion 1.88 g Cherries, sweet cherries 1.6 g Courgette 0.7 g Buckwheat 1.85 g Spinach 1.53 g Cucumber 0.7 g  Lamb salad 1.8 g Portobello 1.5 g Litchi 0.7 g Kohlrabi 1.8 g Champignon 1.5 g Watermelon 0.1 g Why is fibre important for you? Detoxification Fibre is important for detoxification, because it binds to the bile acids that carry toxins out of your body and help to eliminate via the stool. If you are not getting enough fibre from your food, it can lead to mild constipation and also toxins reabsorption in the body. Lower total and LDL cholesterol It's important to consume both soluble and insoluble fibres as soluble fibre prolongs stomach emptying time for sugar to be released and absorbed slowly. Soluble fibre also lowers total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol and promotes friendly gut bacteria. Therefore it's great for heart health. Insoluble fibre helps with regular bowel movement, moves toxic waste through colon quicker and balances the acidity (pH) level in your colon. Weight management Fibre is great for weight loss as well as women who eat a high-fibre diet may be at a lower risk for developing ovarian cancer. Food for your gut microbes Fibre is food for your gut microbiota - if you starve them from fibre, they start to eat away the mucus lining in your gut or your gut cells produce less mucus. If your daily diet is high in fibre from vegetables, fruits, seeds, legumes, you are feeding your gut with prebiotics  and probiotics  and therefore help to keep your microbiome balanced. For digestion and motility Fibre is an important nutrient to consume on a daily basis to help move food through your intestines, to improve digestive health and protect against diseases. For blood sugar control Fibre helps to slow down absorption of sugar from carbohydrates, which is important for stabilising blood sugar . I came across this web page with great recipes for 5 days of eating a fibre-fuelled diet , which are from gastroenterologist Dr. Will Bulsiewicz 's book "Fiber Fueled". Hopefully you get some ideas or recipes to try out at home. In this article, I write how to get 25g-35g of dietary fibre per day with a couple of sample menus. You can also search on my website for salads and you will get quite a few recipes to try and make at home- I am sure you will fall in love with at least some of these salads. Incorporating a variety of fibre-rich foods into your diet ensures a diverse intake of nutrients and promotes optimal digestive function. Whether it's soluble fibre from oats and legumes or insoluble fibre from whole grains and vegetables, each type of fibre contributes to overall health in its unique way. By embracing a fibre-rich diet, you can nurture your gut health, support weight management, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases for a vibrant and balanced life. If you are looking for nutritional advice, don't hesitate to reach out to me for nutrition counseling at info@katrinpeo.com .

Are you someone who is afraid of consuming fats? If yes, you are definitely not alone. Fats have been vilified in different countries for couple of decades. Therefore you have seen and still see in grocery stores products like for example dairy with low fat or fat-free. What's important to know that not all fats are created equally. Our bodies need healthy fat in order to survive, it's one of the macronutrient our body needs on a daily basis. In the below article I cover what are healthy fats and unhealthy fats, why does our body need fat and what oils and fats to use with what cooking methods. Why is fat needed for the body? Fat is one of the primary energy sources for the body. Fat has an important role on weight management, absorbing nutrients from the food, regulating body temperature, insulating your internal organs, supporting immune function, for hormonal balance and for maintaining healthy skin and hair. We also need fats in order to absorb the fat-soluble vitamins from the plant foods we eat- like vitamin A, D, E and K. Since fat is the most calorie rich macronutrient (9kcal per gram), it provides us energy as well as turns off our hunger hormones. Many healthy sources of fat are also fat-burning foods. Low-fat diet can lead to hormonal imbalances, weight gain and overeating, higher risk for insulin resistance, gut issues, poor brain function, heart health issues, higher risk for depression and anxiety. Which fats do we need to consume on a daily basis? The below fats have all different effects on the body. It's generally recommended that unsaturated fats should make the majority of your fat intake, specifically dietary guidelines recommend us to have 10-20% of our daily fat intake from monounsaturated fats, 5-10% from polyunsaturated fats, of which omega-3 fats minimum 1%, maximum 10% of saturated fats and transfats as little as possible. Polyunsaturated fats Health benefits Support brain health and cognitive function Play a structural role in your body's brain and cells Lower LDL cholesterol Help prevent anxiety  and depression Reduce inflammation Improve vision Keep heart healthy Aid in cellular function, regulate gene expression and form cell membranes Support healthy bones Reduces menstrual pains Promote better sleep Which foods contain polyunsaturated fats? Walnuts Sunflower seeds Chia seeds Pine nuts Flaxseeds + oil Pecans Almonds Salmon Mackerel Trout Extra virgin olive oil Rapeseed oil (canola)- (cold-pressed is better choice) Sunflower oil (cold-pressed is better choice) Avocado oil Sesame oil Grapeseed oil  (but is the highest with Omega-6 oils from seed oils) Though vegetable oils like corn oil, soybean and safflower oil also contain polyunsaturated fats, they are often highly refined, heavily processed and rich in inflammatory omega-6 fatty acids (we do need some of these fatty acids in our diet, but people tend to consume too much). The ratio between omega-6 fats to omega-3 fats in diet is recommended to be 4:1 or 2:1. Vegetable oils are also easily oxidised- they break down and deteriorate more easily when exposed to high heat. This can increase the formation of free radicals, that cause inflammation and oxidative damage to our cells. Omega-3 foods Mackerel, salmon, cod liver oil, walnuts, chia seeds, herring, flaxseeds, sardines, hemp seeds, anchovies, natto, organic egg yolks, walnut oil, hemp oil, brazil nuts, hemp seeds, hazelnuts, cashews. Organic grass-fed meat has also some Omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-6 foods Grapeseed oil, safflower oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, sesame oil, peanut oil, walnuts, almonds, cashews, sunflower seeds and nut butters, mayonnaise, meat, poultry, eggs Learn more about omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acids here . Monounsaturated fats Health benefits Lower blood pressure Reduce LDL cholesterol and triglycerides Increase HDL Protect against heart disease Lower inflammation and reduce general oxidation Improve insulin sensitivity Decrease the formation of blood clots at higher heats Help you lose weight Strengthen bones Improve mood May reduce cancer risk Which foods contain monounsaturated fats? Extra virgin olive oil Olives Avocados Avocado oil Raw almonds Raw peanuts (make sure to read the label when purchasing peanut butter, that it contains only peanuts and sea salt) Cashews Eggs Red meat Rapeseed (canola) oil Sesame oil Omega-9 foods Rapeseed (canola) oil, sunflower oil, almond oil, cashew oil, avocado oil, peanut oil, olives, olive oil, almonds, cashews, walnuts, avocado Several of the foods contain a mix of omega 3 6 and 9 fatty acids. If you consume 2-3 times a week fatty fish like salmon, trout, sardines, mackerel, anchovies, herring along with nuts, seeds, eggs, extra-virgin olive oil, some grass-fed meat, you will meet your dietary needs for these fatty acids. Best place to start is to switch your refined vegetable oils for example to extra-virgin olive oil, ghee and coconut oil. Learn more about extra virgin olive oil benefits and how to choose it in the store, here . Saturated fats Our body produces around 80% of the saturated fats, which means we should only consume small amounts of saturated fats in our diet. Health benefits Form the foundation of cell membranes Lower triglycerides and make LDL cholesterol particles larger Important for bone health as they helps absorb calcium into bones Protect liver from damage, including from toxins and chemicals Help to burn fat (CLA- Conjugated linoleic acid) found in grass-fed beef, raw dairy and other animal products Reduce leaky gut and repair the gut Lauric acid (in coconut oil) has antibacterial, anti-fungal, antiviral properties Which foods contain saturated fats? Coconut oil Palm oil Tallow MCT oil Ghee Butter Grass-fed beef Cheese Cocoa Full-fat dairy Eggs Learn more about saturated fats in this article- how much of saturated fats consumption is too much and why reducing it is important for heart and gut health . Trans fats These are fats that you want to cut out from your diet completely. Though some foods contain naturally trans fats (meat and dairy products of ruminant animals), you want to avoid the artificial ones produced through a process called hydrogenation. Food manufacturers add hydrogen molecules to liquid vegetable oils to extend shelf life, enhance flavour and create a more solid texture in foods. You can find trans fats mainly in processed products. Impact on health Increase your risk of heart disease Raise bad LDL cholesterol Lower good HDL cholesterol Increase risk of diabetes Which foods contain trans fats? Packaged chips and snacks Crackers Donuts Packaged baked goods Frozen pizza Packaged and refrigerated dough Fried meats and fast foods Vegetable shortening Margarine Nondairy coffee creamers The best way to avoid trans fats is to eat a diet full of fresh vegetables, berries, fruits, organic meats, legumes, nuts and seeds. How much fat should you consume? It depends on your age, activity level and health concerns and goals, but dietary guidelines recommend that you get 45-60 percent of your calories from healthy carbohydrates, 10-20 percent of calories from protein and the 25-40 percent from healthy fats. Consuming adequate amount of fats make you feel fuller between meals and therefore you have less cravings for sugar and unhealthy carbohydrate rich foods. Your energy levels are also more constant throughout the day. I often follow my hand when plating my meals- whole hand size vegetables, greens; palm size protein and thumb size fat. If you have high LDL cholesterol levels, keep the intake of saturated fats in your diet low. What fats to use with what cooking methods? It's important to keep cooking oil smoke point in mind depending what cooking method you plan to use. However it is recommended to keep the temperatures for cooking low- preferably below 170C (338F). Cooking oils that have a low smoke point, can break down under high heat, leading to creating free-radicals that can be harmful for our health. Do not re-heat the same oil twice to cook with it. Saturated fats are better to use for high heat cooking than polyunsaturated fats, as they are more resistant to oxidation and damage caused by high-heat cooking methods. Polyunsaturated fats and monounsaturated fats are better to top of cooked meals, salads, add to dips, salad dressings. For high heat frying, prefer: Ghee Coconut oil Avocado oil Tallow For medium heat frying, baking, roasting use olive oil or rapeseed oil. For topping salads, ready made meals, in dips, salad dressings, spreads- use: Extra virgin olive oil Hemp seed oil Camelina oil Sunflower oil Walnut oil is great to drizzle over grilled fruits, potatoes and other veggies, poultry dishes, pasta, cooked meat, seafood Sesame oil- use it as a finishing oil to burst flavour of food. Works wells with noodle, rice, poultry and meat dishes I hope the above gives a good overview of fats, why we need fat in our diet, what type of fats we should consume and which ones we should limit or avoid. If you are looking for nutrition advice, how to make healthier choices around food to support healthy body and healthy weight, don't hesitate to reach out to me for personalised nutrition counselling at info@katrinpeo.com .

The healthcare landscape offers various approaches to patient care, with functional medicine and conventional medicine being two prominent models. Each has its unique methodologies, strengths, and considerations. Understanding these can aid individuals in making informed decisions about their health.​ Conventional Medicine Conventional medicine, often termed Western or allopathic medicine, is the predominant healthcare system in many parts of the world. It focuses on diagnosing and treating diseases primarily through pharmaceuticals, surgeries, and other interventions. This approach is particularly effective in acute and emergency situations, such as infections, trauma, or life-threatening conditions, where immediate intervention is crucial. Specialisation is a hallmark, with practitioners concentrating on specific organ systems or diseases, allowing for targeted expertise. However, this model may sometimes emphasise symptom management over addressing underlying causes, potentially leading to prolonged medication use without resolving root issues. Additionally, time constraints in patient consultations can limit comprehensive lifestyle or preventive discussions. Functional Medicine Functional medicine adopts a holistic, patient-centred approach, aiming to identify and address the root causes of diseases. It considers the intricate interactions among genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors influencing health. Practitioners often spend extended time with patients, delving into histories and personal circumstances to tailor individualised treatment plans. These plans may encompass dietary modifications, lifestyle changes, stress management, and, when appropriate, conventional treatments. This approach is particularly beneficial for chronic conditions where multifaceted factors contribute to health issues. However, functional medicine may require significant patient commitment, as lifestyle and dietary changes can be time-consuming to implement and require focus and dedication. Additionally, some treatments may not be covered by insurance, leading to out-of-pocket expenses. ​ You can find a functional medicine practitioner new you here . Integrative Medicine Recognising the strengths of both models, an integrative medicine approach combines conventional and functional medicine practices. This synergy aims to provide comprehensive care, utilising the immediate efficacy of conventional treatments alongside the preventive and personalised strategies of functional medicine. For instance, a patient might use medication to manage acute symptoms while simultaneously adopting lifestyle changes to address underlying causes. Such collaboration can enhance patient outcomes by leveraging the benefits of both approaches. ​ Conclusion Both functional and conventional medicine offer valuable perspectives in healthcare. Conventional medicine excels in acute care and specialised interventions, while functional medicine provides a comprehensive approach to chronic disease management and prevention. By understanding and integrating these models, individuals can pursue a balanced and personalised healthcare strategy that addresses both immediate needs and long-term wellness.

If you are looking to bake a healthy gluten-free bread that's high in fibre and protein , try the below recipe (inspired by Irena Marci ). It works well with homemade patee, marinated herring and can also accompany a bowl of soup. You can also try another gluten-free bread recipe from macadamia and cashew nuts . Gluten-free linseed and hemp flour bread Ingredients 1/2 cup of linseed flour (I grind myself linseeds with a coffee grinder) 1/2 cup of hemp flour 1 cup of almond flour 1/2 tsp of sea salt 1tsp of baking soda 4 large eggs 3 tsp of apple cider vinegar or lemon juice (to activate baking soda) 3 tablespoons of olive oil 2 tablespoons of hemp seeds to add into the mixture at the end, to add additional omega-3 fatty acids and fibre to the bread. Instructions Preheat the oven to 170°C (340F). Grease the bread pan (I use silicone loaf pan) with olive oil or butter. Mix together all the dry ingredients in one bowl and wet ingredients in another bowl. Pour the wet ingredients into the dry ingredients and mix well together. Spoon the mixture into the loaf pan and even it out at the top with a spoon or spatula. Bake in the oven for 40 minutes. Take the bread out and let it rest on the counter underneath a kitchen towel for 10-15 minutes. Cut the desired slices and enjoy. You can store the bread in the fridge or freezer. Enjoy!